A  7.  j:m  / 


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U.S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF   CHEMISTRY. 


BULLETIN 





No.  21 


-    ^^ 


REPORT 


OF 


EXPERIMENTS  IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  SUGAR 

BY    DIFFUSK 


MACiNOLIA  STATION.   LAWREX 


SEASON    OF    1888-'89, 


CCILFOIM)  L.  SPENCER. 


ISIIKD  BY   AUTH  >RITY  OF    I  Hi:  SECRETARY  OF  AGRK 


WASHINGTON: 

GOV BRl  [NO  OFFK   I 

1  >■ 


yfco~Wuji**<SWUes/yL> 

t^     CM- 

1 

J. 

M. 

RUSK, 

c/eaefaiy 

• 

tSaaitbu/faie 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  CHEMISTRY. 
BULLETIN  No.  21. 

REPORT 

OF 

EXPERIMENTS  IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  SUGAR 

BY   DIFFUSION, 

AT 

MAGNOLIA  STATION,  LAAVRLXCE,  LA.,. 

SEASON    OF    1888-'81), 

BY 

GUILFORD  L.  SPENCER. 


Prr.USHKD  BY  AUTII  iKITY  OK  THE  SECRETARY  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


WASB  I  \<:t<>\: 

GOV  KB  n  m  i:.\  t    PRINTING   0  ii'ici: 
L880. 


¥ 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


Sir:  In  submitting  for  your  inspection  Mr.  G.  L.  Spencer's  report  of 
work  done  at  Magnolia  plantation  during  1888-'89  I  desire  to  call  your 
attention  to  the  advancement  inatfe  in  the  last  few  years  in  the  sugar 
industry  of  Louisiana. 

In  18S4  the  Department  established,  in  connection  with  the  exposition 
at  New  Orleans,  a  complete  sugar  laboratory.  At  the  same  time  the 
experimental  diffusion  battery,  used  by  the  Department  in  its  work  of 
the  preceding  year,  was  placed  on  exhibition. 

During  the  same  year  the  Department  of  Agriculture  established  at 
Magnolia  plantation,  Lawrence,  La.,  a  complete  chemical  control  of  the 
sugar  factory. 

In  December  of  the  same  year  I  delivered  an  address  before  the  Sugar 
Planters'  Association  of  Louisiana,  in  which  the  attention  of  sugar 
growers  was  called  to  the  importance  of  chemical  control  and  new 
methods. 

In  1885  the  Department  made  an  attempt  to  introduce  the  process  of 
diffusion  into  Louisiana  on  a  manufacturing  scale.  By  reason  of  de- 
tective machinery,  however,  this  attempt  resulted  in  failure.  In  188G, 
through  the  joint  efforts  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Wilkinson,  the  late  Mr.  R.  J.  Gay, 
and  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  150  tons  of  Louisiana  cane  were 
Shipped  to  Kansas  and  worked  by  the  process  of  diffusion,  securing  a 
yield  fully  30  per  cent,  greater  than  the  average  milling  process  would 
have  given.  In  1887  the  diffusion  process  was  successfully  introduced 
by  the  Department  on  Magnolia  plantation. 

During  the  coming  season  the  diffusion  process  will  he  used  on  foor 
large  plantations  in  Louisiana.1  Many  other  planters  have  also  insti- 
tuted a  chemical  control  of  the  factory,  and  a  sugar  experiment  station 
has  been  in  successful  operation  at   Kciiner  for  four  years. 

The  practical  result  of  the  work  fust  undertaken  in  Louisiana  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  is  seen  already  m  a  more  scientific  agri- 
culture, a  better  knowledge  of  the  problem  of  sugar  manufacture, a 

more  scientific  method  in  the  sugar-house,  and  the  introduction  of  recent 

and  improved  machinery.     Before  the  time  Ural  mentioned  the  average 

yield  of  sugar  per  ton  on  the  hot  plantations  in  the  State  was  scarcely 

1 i.~>  pounds.     It  is  now  over 200  pounds. 

1  Magnolia,  Dei  Lignee,  Berwick,  Legonda, 


Perhaps  there  has  never  been  an  instance  in  the  history  of  the  De- 
partment where  its  efforts  have  been  so  promptly  manifested  in  such 
wonderful  practical  results.  It  is  but  just  to  the  Department,  in  sub- 
mitting the  data  herein  contained,  to  call  attention  to  the  above  facts 
in  the  history  of  the  sugar  industry  of  Louisiana.  The  progressive 
element  among  the  sugar  planters,  aided  by  the  scientific  work  of  the 
sugar  station  at  Keuner,  has  taken  up  the  line  of  work  first  pointed 
out  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  result  is  a  new  era  of 
prosperity  and  a  future  of  assured  success  for  a  great  agricultural  in- 
dustry. 

Respectfully, 

H.  W.  Wiley, 

Chetnixt. 
lion.  J.  M.  Eusk, 

Secretary. 


LETTERS    OF    SUBMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Chemistry, 
Washington,  D.  (7.,  August  2,  18S9. 
Sir:  By  arrangement  with  your  predecessor,  Hon.  Norinan  J.  Col- 
man,  Mr.  G.  L.  Spencer,  an  assistant  chemist  in  this  division,  was  de- 
tailed to  perform  the  chemical  work  in  connection  with  the  manufacture 
of  sugar  by  diffusion  at  Gov.  H.  C.  Warmoth's  Magnolia  plantation 
during  the  season  of  1888-'S9. 

Governor  Warmoth  was  also  x>ermitted  to  use  the  machinery  of  the  De- 
partment at  Magnolia,  which  was  employed  in  making  the  experiments 
recorded  in  Bulletin  No.  17  of  this  division. 

Mr.  Spencer's  report  is  herewith  submitted  for  your  approval  and, 
thereafter,  for  publication. 
Respectfully, 

H.  W.  Wiley, 

Chemist. 
Hon.  J.  M.  Rusk, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


Washington,  D.  C,  July  31,  1880. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  of  submitting  my  report  of  the  work  ;it  Mag- 
nolia plantation  the  past  season  for  your  inspection  and  publication. 
This  report  has  been  considerably  delayed  by  the  non-arrival  of  neces- 
sary samples  and  data.  The  chemical  work  was  largely  confined  to  the 
control  of  the  battery  and  to  a  study  of  diffusion. 
Respectfully, 

G.  L.  Spbnoer, 

Assistant  Chemist. 
Dr.  II.  W.  Wii.nv, 

Chemist, 

5 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  SUGAR  BY  DIFFUSION  AT  MAGNOLIA, 

SEASON  OF  1888. 


The  beginning  of  tbe  work  at  Magnolia  was  a  series  of  disappoint- 
ments. First  of  all,  the  cane  cutter  did  not  work  satisfactorily,  but 
finally,  after  many  vexatious  delays  on  this  account,  we  succeeded  in 
obtanr'ng  a  maximum  cutting  capacity  of  less  than  200  tons  of  straight 
cane  per  day,  and  often  when  the  cane  was  very  crooked  less  than  150 
tons  were  cut.  As  soon  as  our  cutting  difficulties  were  fairly  overcome 
all  the  calorisators  of  the  battery  were  discovered  to  leak  so  badly  that 
all  work  was  stopped  for  repairs.  During  the  intervals  when  the  bat- 
tery was  not  in  operation,  milling  was  employed  for  the  extraction  of 
the  juice.  This  alternate  use  of  the  mill  and  battery  has  complicated 
results  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is  impossible  to  separate  tbe  work  of 
the  early  part  of  the  season,  hence  I  am  compelled  to  credit  all,  up  to 
a  certain  period,  to  the  mill.  It  must  surely  prove  a  disappointment  to 
all  Louisiana  sugar  producers  that  these  irregularities  prevented  a  care- 
ful study  of  diffusion  throughout  the  season. 

The  diffusion  work,  of  which  we  have  a  complete  separate  record, 
commenced  December  1,  and  continued  to  the  end  of  the  season.  In 
this  time  we  had  a  serious  loss  in  the  bone-black  room.  Unfortunately 
we  are  compelled  to  include  this  in  our  record  of  diffusion  work.  This 
of  course  affects  in  some  degree  the  value  of  these  results,  especially  to 
planters  who  do  not  use  bone-black  filters. 

In  the  general  averages  for  the  crop,  the  diffusion  work  is  compelled 
to  help  out  the  average  of  the  mill  work.  This  is  a  heavy  burden  to 
bear,  since  the  work  of  the  mill  on  2,700  tons,  augmented  by  that  of 
the  diffusion  buttery  on  500  tons  of  cane,  will  average  at  least  40 
pounds  of  sugar  less  than  the  diffusion  yield  on  two  thirds  of  the  crop. 

I  have  made  a  separate  statement  of  the  work  of  the  diffusion  bat- 
tery, and  trust  that  those  interested  in  the  investigation  of  this  process 
will  examine  this  statement  without  being  biased  by  the  comparatively 
low  average  of  the  entire  crop. 

THE   CUTTER. 

The  cutting  apparatus  was  the  same  as  that  used  in  the  Depart- 
ment's  experiments   last    season.     It    was   built    by    the    Sangei  hauser 

Company,  of  San  gerhansen,  Germany.    The  cutter  consists  essentially 

7 


8 

of  a  horizontal  disc  carrying  twelve  knives  set  parallel  to  the  radii  of 
the  disc,  and  revolving  in  a  cast-iron  shell.  There  are  six  cane  chutes 
or  hoppers  placed  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees  to  the  surface  of  the 
disc.  The  cane,  thrown  lengthwise  into  the  chutes,  descends  by  gravity 
to  the  knives,  where  it  is  sliced  diagonally.  A  suitable  arrangement  for 
throwing  the  chips  into  the  elevator  boot  is  provided.  This  cutter  was 
designed  by  the  builders  to  revolve  one  hundred  and  ten  revolutions 
per  minute,  and  its  capacity  was  guaranteed  to  be  from  200  to  250  tons 
of  chips  per  twenty-four  hours.  After  overcoming  numerous  and 
serious  faults  in  the  construction  of  the  cutter  and  increasing  its  speed 
to  one  hundred  and  eighty  revolutions,  an  increase  of  03  per  cent,  we 
were  enabled  to  cut  195  tons  of  chips  from  straight  cane  in  twenty-four 
hours,  the  largest  day's  work  we  accomplished. 

Mr.  Fred  Hinze,  au  able  and  experienced  sugar  manufacturer,  had 
charge  of  this  work,  and  through  his  skill  we  were  enabled  to  overcome 
the  difficulties  in  preparing  the  cane  for  the  battery.  Last  season,  after 
the  first  failure  of  the  cutter,  Dr.  Wiley  ordered  small  steel  scrapers  to 
be  attached  to  the  upper  surface  and  side  edge  of  the  cutting  disc.  The 
cane  was  very  juicy  in  1887,  hence  he  was  enabled  to  cut  nearly  1,000 
tons  of  cane  without  appreciable  wear  of  these  scrapers.  This  season, 
on  the  contrary,  the  cane  was  exceptionally  woody,  and  scrapers  of  the 
best  tile  steel  were  worn  out  in  cutting  less  than  400  tons  of  cane.  In 
addition  to  the  trouble  with  these  scrapers,  it  was  found  that  the  libers 
from  the  cane  collected  between  the  disc  and  outer  shell  and  soon  com. 
pletely  blockaded  the  cutter.  Mr.  Hinze  had  openiugs  cut  both  in  the 
cover  and  upper  part  of  the  shell  to  relieve  the  disc  of  the  accumulations 
of  liber.  It  was  only  after  these  alterations  w7ere  made  that  we  were 
able  to  use  the  cutter  at  all. 

Economical  diffusion  of  sugar  caue  demands  an  exceedingly  thin  slice 
or  chip.  With  our  best  work  we  were  unable  to  obtain  a  chip  less  than 
an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick.  This  is  double  the  thickness  required  by 
good  work. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  large  labor  bills,  difficulty  in  regular 
adjustment  Of  the  knives,  and  impossibility  of  obtaining  a  sufficiently 
thin  chip,  this  cutter  is  not  suitable  for  diffusion  work  in  Louisiana. 

THE    HUGHES  CUTTER. 

The  system  Of  cutting  cane  used  at  Colonel  Cunningham's  estate  in 
Texas  and  in  the  sorghum   houses  in   Kansas  is  the  invent  inn  of  11.  A. 

Hughes,  of  Cape  May  City,  N".  J.  This  cutter  consists  of  a  metal  cyl- 
inder, carrying  a  number  of  knives,  whose  blades  project  from  the  cir- 
cumference of  tin-  cylinder  in  the  direction  of  rotation.     The  cylinder 

is  rapidly  revolved  iii  front  of  a  dead  knife  set  parallel  to  its  face.    The 

Cane,  previously  CUJ  into  short  pieces,  is  thrown  into  a  hopper,  where 
it  LS  caught  by  the  knives  and  carried  against  the  dead  knife.  A  small 
piece  of  cane  is  cut  oil"  and  carried   between    tin'  knife  and   dead  knife, 


arid  by  the  centrifugal  force  is  thrown  into  a  receiver  below.  This  cut- 
ter or  shredder  is  always  used  in  connection  with  an  ensilage  cutter, 
which  latter  furnishes  the  short  pieces  of  cane. 

The  rapid  advancement  of  cane  diffusion  is  largely  due  to  Mr. 
Hughes's  successful  cutting  apparatus. 

THE   NATIONAL   CANE   SHREDDER. 

Many  visitors  at  Magnolia  Plantation  this  season  suggested  the 
adaptation  of  the  cane  shredder  to  the  preparation  of  cane  for  the  bat- 
tery. This  machine  has  been  used  several  seasons  by  Governor  War- 
moth  in  the  shredding  of  whole  cane  for  the  mill.  If  its  work  during 
this  time  can  be  taken  as  a  criterion,  the  shredder  could  be  readily 
adapted  to  the  requirements  of  diffusion. 

THE  DIFFUSION  BATTERY. 

The  diffusion  battery  was  built  in  1887  by  the  Colwell  Iron  Works  of 
New  York.  It  was  enlarged  in  18S8  by  Edwards  &  Haubtman,  of  New 
Orleans,  according  to  the  directions  of  Governor  H.  C.  Warmoth. 

In  the  enlargement  of  the  battery  the  only  changes  made  were  in  the 
length  of  the  cells  and  calorisators  or  heaters,  and  the  addition  of  two 
new  cells.  The  battery  as  used  the  past  season  consists  of  fourteen 
cells  arranged  in  a  circle,  and  charged  from  a  central  reservoir  by 
means  of  a  revolving  chute. 

THE   CELLS. 

The  cells  are  11  feet  long  by  44  inches  in  diameter.  The  net  cane 
space  is  107  cubic  feet.  The  upper  doors  are  30  inches  in  diameter  and 
the  net  opening  at  the  discharge  gate  is  44  inches,  the  full  diameter  of 
a  cross-section  of  the  cell.  The  joint  between  the  discharge  gate  and 
the  bottom  of  the  cell  is  the  ordinary  hydraulic  closure. 

CALORISATORS. 

The  calorisators  (heaters)  as  originally  constructed  were  41)  inches 
long  and  11  inches  in  diameter,  inside  measurements.  There  were 
eight  copper  tubes  49  inches  long  by  2  inches  in  diameter  in  each,  giv- 
ing a  heating  surface  of  17.1  square  feet.  In  enlarging  the  battery 
seven  tubes  U  by  41  inches  were  added,  giving  an  additional  heating 
Burface  of  9.2  square  feet,  and  a  total  of  26.3  square  feet  per  calorisator, 

r\  ne  heating  surface  was  sufficient  for  the  work,  but  it  would  have  been 
a  wise  precaution  to  have  increased  it  considerably  more.     The  heating 

surface  per  cubic  fool  of  cell  space  is  .346  square  feet,  or  nearly  l  cubic 

feet  per  square  foot  of  heating  surface. 


The  juice  and  water  pipes  are  of  cast-iron  and  have  a  net  diameter  of 
4  inches.     The  compressed  air  pipes  are    \S  inches    in  diameter.     The 


10 

accumulator  for  compressed  air  has  75  cubic  feet  capacity.    A  2-iuch 
main  furnishes  ample  steam  for  the  battery. 

METHOD  OF  REMOVING  EXHAUSTED  CHIPS. 

A  circular  track  under  the  cells,  provided  with  a  flat-car  having  its 
axles  fixed  in  the  direction  of  the  radii  of  the  circle,  served  to  carry 
the  chip  car  from  cell  to  cell.  The  flat-car  was  fitted  with  a  piece  of 
track  of  the  same  gauge  as  that  of  the  permanent  railroad  leading  to 
the  river.  When  a  cell  of  exhausted  chips  was  discharged  into  the  car 
the  flat-car  was  drawn  by  a  mule  to  a  point  opposite  the  main  line  and 
the  chip  car  run  oft'  and  taken  to  the  river  to  be  emptied.  The  round 
trip  required  less  thau  seven  minutes.  A  large  flat-boat  projecting  into 
the  river  served  to  carry  the  track  far  enough  out  for  the  curreut  to 
wash  the  chips  away. 

CRITICISMS  ON  THE  DIFFUSION  MACHINERY. 

The  question  of  arrangement  of  a  diffusion  battery  will  generally  de- 
pend upon  local  conditions.  The  batteries  built  for  this  Department 
previous  to  that  at  Magnolia  were  of  the  type  known  as  line  batteries. 
The  circular  arrangement  was  selected  for  Magnolia  in  order  to  give 
the  planters  an  additional  example  of  the  different  types  of  diffusion 
batteries.  The  circular  arrangement  has  many  advantages.  It  also  lias 
disadvantages  with  which  the  line  battery  is  not  compelled  to  contend. 
The  principal  of  these  latter  is  the  difficulty  attendant  upon  the  removal 
of  the  exhausted  chips.  A  builder  of  this  class  of  machinery  informs 
me  that  there  is  no  difficulty  in  arranging  to  move  the  chip  car  from 
cell  to  cell  by  power  and  finally  run  it  outside  the  building  for  dumping. 

A  circular  battery  possesses  decided  advantages  over  all  other  forms 
in  ease  and  regularity  of  charging  the  cells  with  cane  chips,  neatness  of 
arrangement,  and  facility  of  controlling  the  work.  The  valves  should 
be  so  arranged  that  they  can  be  manipulated  from  inside  the  circle. 
The  measuring  tank  should  also  be  placed  inside  the  circle,  preferably 
at  the  center. 

DEFECTS  IN  THE  MAGNOLIA  BATTERY. 
The  defects  in  the  battery  are  not  doe  to  the  workmanship,  but  rather 

to  the  designers  and  to  oversights  when  increasing  its  capacity.    The 
Department  is  in  do  respect  responsible  for  these  latter. 

the  cnip  chuti:. 

The  chute  should  be  entirely  supported  from  above,  a  counterpoise 
relieving  the  strain  caused  1>\  the  weight  of  the  chute  coining  entirely 
on  one  Side*  Instead  of  a  sliding  door,  to  block  the  How  of  chips  when 
moving  from  one  cell  to  another,  the  end  of  the  chute  should  be  provided 
with  a  hinged  Spout,  balanced  in  such  a  manner  that  it  can  be  thrown 


11 

back  and  stop  the  flow  of  chips,  the  bottom  of  the  spout  becoming  a 
gate.  An  illustration  of  such  a  chute  is  given  on  Plate  1,  Bulletin  5, 
of  this  division.  When  this  arrangement  is  adopted  there  is  ample 
room  to  place  the  measuring  tank  in  the  center  of  the  upper  platform. 
The  valves  and  pipe-lines  being  on  the  inside  of  the  circle,  the  battery 
man  has  easy  control  of  the  work,  and  can  not  be  pardoned  for  over- 
heating the  cells  or  making  other  errors. 

In  the  enlargement  of  the  battery  the  size  of  the  pipe-lines  was  not 
proportionately  increased.  We  found  for  rapid  work — i.  e.,  a  cell  every 
seven  and  one-half  minutes — that  a  pipe  area  of  12J  inches  is  not  quite 
sufficient,  but  I  believe  20  inches  would  be  ample  for  a  cell  of  the 
dimensions  of  those  at  Magnolia. 

The  calorisators  or  heaters  were  of  sufficient  capacity.  In  enlarg- 
ing the  calorisators,  the  original  outlets  for  water  of  condensation  were 
retained.  This  oversight  caused  considerable  annoyance,  since,  owing 
to  the  insufficiency  of  the  outlets,  several  check-valves  were  broken 
and  the  heaters  clogged  with  water. 

At  present  the  lower  doors  of  the  battery  are  managed  from  below 
by  means  of  a  block  and  tackle.  The  hydraulic  method  of  opening 
would  have  saved  considerable  annoyance  and  the  labor  of  one  man. 
A  slight  change  in  the  position  of  the  drainage-valves  will  render  the 
work  under  the  battery  more  comfortable  for  the  laborers  and  will 
entail  but  a  small  expense. 

The  hydraulic  method  of  opening  large  doors  is  used  in  a  number  of 
places  in  Europe.  In  1882  I  visited  the  works  at  St.  Just,  near  Clere- 
mont,  France,  and  was  much  pleased  with  the  management  of  the 
large  doors  of  their  line  battery  by  this  method. 

GENERAL     REMARKS     ON     DIFFUSION     BATTERIES     AND     THEIR     AR- 
RANGEMENT. 

As  I  have  previously  stated,  local  conditions  largely  control  the 
arrangement  of  a  battery.  A  single  line  requires  a  very  long  building, 
but  ease  of  removal  of  the  exhausted  chips  and  favorable  conditions 
for  enlarging  the  plant  make  this  arrangement  of  the  cells  a  favorite 
one.  The  great  length  of  the  return  pipes  is  objectionable.  The  double 
line  also  facilitates  the  use  of  a  simple  method  of  removal  of  exhausted 
chips.  The  return  pipes  are  very  short  and  the  manipulations  art'  as 
Simple  as  in  the  circular  battery.  In  both  the  single  and  double  line 
batteries  there  is  difficulty  in  charging  the  last  cell  in  the  series  with 
cane  without  either  having  chips  left  over,  which  fall  on  the  floor,  or 
giving  this  cell  an  irregular  supply. 

The  circular  arrangement  of  a  battery  requires  a  very  high  square 
building.     The   more  complicated    method  of  removing  the  exhausted 

chips  and  the  space  occupied  are  the  principal  objections  to  this  form 

of  battery.  The  cost  of  construction  \.niv>  but  little  in  the  different 
forms  of  batteries. 


12 


ACCUMULATION  OF  AIR  AND   VAPORS  IN   THE   DIFFUSION  CELLS. 

In  the  battery  at  Magnolia  we  have  been  troubled  quite  often  by  the 
accumulations  of  air  and  vapors  in  the  cells.  The  men  at  the  battery 
have 'instructions  to  "blow  off7'  these  accumulations  at  frequent  inter- 
vals. In  working  a  battery  at  high  temperatures,  through  carelessness 
the  battery  man  will  often  neglect  to  reduce  the  steam  pressure  on  the 
calorisators  at  the  proper  time  and  the  juice  will  be  heated  above  its 
boiliug  point,  and  large  quantities  of  steam  will  form  in  the  cells  when 
the  pressure  is  reduced.  These  vapors  and  the  air  in  the  cell  are  liable 
to  "  trap  v  and  prevent  a  uniform  extraction  of  the  sugar  from  the  chips. 
To  overcome  this  difficulty  the  attachment  illustrated  in  the  accom- 
panying figure,  was  devised  by  K.  Leyser,  of  Oschersleben,  Germany. 
This  apparatus  consists  of  a  float  //,  connecting  by  means  of  a  spherical 
joint  at  its  upper  end  with  the  valve  ft,  and  guided  at  its  lower  end  by 


Pro.  i. 


means  of  a  rod  at  the  center  of  the  strainer  e.    The  tube  a  communicates 
with  the  diffoser.    If  vapors  of  any  kind  collect  in  the  diffuser,  they 

will  pass  out  through   the  tube  a  around   the  lloat  //,  through  the  valve 

b  and  tube//,  into  the  open  air.    Any  foam  thai  may  have  accumulated 

in  the  cell  will  also    pass  out.     As   soon   as  the  juice   in   the  cell  rises 
Sufficiently  the   flottl   0WiU   lift,  and  close   the  valve  €  and   prevent  its 


13 

escape.  The  object  of  the  small  funnel  m  is  to  catch  any  fine  pieces  of 
pulp  which  may  pass  the  strainer  and  prevent  them  from  clogging  the 
apparatus.  This  funnel  should  be  removed  from  time  to  time  and 
emptied.  A  valve  between  cc  is  provided,  which  is  to  be  closed  when 
the  apparatus  is  not  in  use. 

CONTROL  OF  DIFFUSION  WORK. 

In  order  to  arrive  at  comparable  results  and  place  the  records  beyond 
the  possibility  of  error  through  neglect  or  forgetfulness  of  the  workmen, 
some  automatic  device  for  registration  is  essential.  Those  investigators 
making  a  serious  study  of  diffusion  of  sugar-cane  will  realize  the  neces- 
sity of  some  such  device.  A  number  of  German  and  other  beet-sugar 
manufacturers  have  devised  instruments  for  recording  all  that  is  essen- 
tial in  the  work  of  a  battery.  These  records,  the  work  of  an  instru- 
ment, and  made  entirely  without  prejudice  or  fears  of  punishment  for 
negligence,  become  valuable  data  for  locating  and  correcting  errors. 
The  first  cost  of  such  instruments  will  be  many  times  repaid.  A  bat- 
tery man,  no  matter  how  faithful  aud  capable  he  may  be,  is  liable  to 
make  errors  that  may  prove  very  expensive  and  render  valueless  stud- 
ies to  improve  the  work.  The  diffusion  of  sugar-cane  presents  many 
conditions  quite  different  from  those  which  exist  in  the  beet.  The  com- 
paratively small  amount  of  work  that  has  been  done  in  the  diffusion  of 
cane  in  this  country  and  many  of  the  conditions  under  which  it  has  been 
done,  have  prevented  a  careful  study  to  determine  the  most  favorable 
conditions  for  such  work.  Now  that  the  success  of  the  process  is  fully 
demonstrated,  we  should  turn  our  attention  to  improving  the  work  of 
our  batteries. 

IIORSIN-DEON'S  AUTOMATIC  REGISTER.1 

"  A  cylinder  rotated  horizontally  by  clock-work  carries  a  roll  of  paper 
divided  into  hours,  quarter  hours,  and  fractions  of  live  minutes;  a 
pencil  car  attached  to  an  arm  bears  directly  upon  the  paper ;  this  pencil, 
moved  by  a  float,  follows  and  registers  every  change  of  level  in  the 
measuring  tank. 

"It  will  be  seen  that  this  instrument  records  every  change  thai  takes 
place  in  the  measuring  tank,  whether  it  be  charging,  discharging,  or 
irregularities  of  the  work  of  any  kind.  The  lines  1  raced  from  the  lower 
to  the  upper  part  of  the  paper  show  the  Charging  of  the  measuring 
tank,  and  rice  versa  those  traced  from  above  downward — the  discharg- 
ing. The  lines  are  more  or  less  inclined  according  to  the  rate  of  charg- 
ing Or  discharging.  A  counter  records  the  total  Dumber  of  cells  filled. 
Mr.  Ilorsin-Deon  has  so  arranged  this  apparatus  that  it  may  be  located 

at  a  distance  from  the  diffusion  battery,  preferably  in  the  office  or  lai>- 

1  This  description  is  a  free  translation  of  one  in  Bulletin  <1<-  ['Association  <!<•>  Chim- 
istes,  6,  No.  •-',  l<*>0. 


14 

oratory.  In  order  that  the  work  may  be  regular  and  the  extraction  uni- 
form, two  electric  bells  are  couuected  with  the  apparatus  and  indicate 
the  proper  moment  to  open  or  close  the  battery  valves. 


FlO.2. 


"With  this  apparatus, where  a  complete  record  of  the  ditVusion  work 
is  automatically  made,  one  can  attain  absolute  certainty  that  all  orders 
from  the  laboratory  or  office  have  been  strictly  carried  out,  and  that 
time,  has  not  been  lost  at  certain  hours  of  the  night  only  to  be  made  up 
by  hurried  work  in  the  morning." 


EUGENE   LANGEN'S  (COLOGNE,  GERMANY)  AUTOMATIC  REGISTER* 

The  following-described  apparatus  was  designed  by  Bogene  Laogen, 
a  very  prominent  beet  sugar  manufacturer,  and  was  constructed  by 
Fischer  &  Stecht,  Essen  am  Ruhr,  Germany.  This  apparatus  is  designed 
not  only  to  register  the  measurement  of  the  juice,  but  also  to  determine. 

its  density. 


15 

u  The  measurer1  of  the  volume  of  the  juice  drawn  consists  essentially 
of  a  cylinder  of  copper  containing;  six  compartments,  and  is  similar  in  its 
action  to  a  gas-meter.     The  juice  from  the  diffuser  passes  immediately 


Fir..  3. 


into  the  measurer,  thence  to  the  carbonatation  (or  clarification).  The 
quantity  of  juice  is  indicated  in  cubic  meters  by  means  of  the  counter  on 
a  cylinder,  R,  Fig.  3.  To  accomplish  this,  the  counter  communicates 
with  the  axis  a,  which  makes  a  complete  turn  for  each 
diffuser  of  juice  drawn.  The  axis  a  transmits  its  mo- 
tion to  the  toothed  wheels  Z,  /_>  (variable  at  will),  to  the 
axis  b,  upon  which  is  fixed  a  crank  1c  and  a  projecting 
arm  d.  The  crank,  by  means  of  the  connecting-rod  s, 
raises  or  lowers  the  wagon  t,  carrying  a  pencil  and  travel- 
ing on  the  guides  nn,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  trace  a 
diagram  on  the  slowly-revolving  cylinder  B,  which  is 
driven  by  clock-work.  The  arm  d,  touching  the  electric 
contact  c,  closes  the  circuit  and  rings  an  electric  bell, 
which  notifies  the  battery  man  that  he  must  close  the 
juice-valve.        Pig.    I   indicates  the  form  of  tlie  diagram  traced. 

"The  lines  in  the  diagram  which  are  very  nearly  vertical  indicate  the 
time  required  to  discharge  a  diffuser  of  juioe.  The  short  horizontal  lines 
show  the  length  of  time  between  discharges  of  juice,  and  their  height 
above  the  center  line  shows  whether  the  correct  amount  of  juice  was 
drawn. 

1  Translated  from  "  Revue  Univeraelle  dee  Progrea  do  La.  Fa  brioatioo  da  Sucre  "  ~" 

et  3C  Aiiiht.s,  pp.  ;.<;,;,;. 


16 

u  The  automatic  determination  of  the  density  of  the  j  uice  depends  upon 

the  principle  of  communicating  vessels.  A  column  of  juice  of  an  inva- 
riable height  counterbalances  a  column  of  water 
whose  height  is  proportional  to  the  density  of  the 
juice. 

UA  portion  of  the  juice  measured  by  the  meter 
passes  through  the  small  reservoir  H  into  a  tube 
S,  provided  with  an  overflow  at  r.  Inside  the  tube 
S  is  another  tube,  FD,  which  terminates  above  in  a 
funnel-shaped  vessel  and  below  in  a  flexible  rubber 
bulb,  P.  The  interior  of  this  tube,  including  the 
bulb,  is  filled  with  water,  whose  height  is  registered 
upon  a  cylinder,  B,by  means  of  a  float  carrying  a 
pencil. 

a  The  variable  temperatures  of  the  juice  have  no 
influence  upon  the  apparatus,  provided  the  column 
of  water  is  of  the  same  temperature  as  the  juice 
surrounding  it.  For  this  reason  the  tube  F  is  spiral 
'at  the  lower  end.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  juice 
so  obtained  is  reduced  to  the  normal  temperature 
and  the  degrees  Brix  or  Bail  me*  noted.  Mr.  Langen 
has  substituted  a  bundle  of  very  fine  copper  tubes 

for  the  spiral  in  the  original  apparatus,  in  order  to  more  readily  equalize 

the  temperature  of  the  juice  and  water. 

"Foam  and  mechanical  impurities  do  not  affect  the  accuracy  of  the 

apparatus." 
If  this  apparatus  is  used  independent  of  the  automatic  meaurer,  a 

double  ball-valve  should  be  employed,  to  prevent  wastage  from  the 

overflowing  of  the  juice. 

AUTOMATIC   SAMPLING  OF   THE   JUICE. 


Fig.  5. 


The  simplest  method  of  sampling  the  juice  automatically  consists  of 
a  three-way  valve  opened  ami  closed  by  the  rise  or  fall  of  a  float  in 
the  measuring  tank.  One  opening  of  the  valve  communicates  with  a 
Stand-pipe,  extending  above   the  greatest    height  to  which  the  tank  is 

ever  filled;  the  second  opening  serves  to  connect  the  stand-pipe  with 
the  bottle  in  which  the  sample  Is  to  be  stored  j  the  third  opening  con- 
nects the  stand-pipe  with  the  measuring  tank.  The  float  is  so  arranged 
and  connected  with  the  stem  of  the  valve  that  when  the  juice  rises  to 

a  given  height  it  lifts,  and,  opening  the  valve,  places   the  stand-pipe  in 

communication  with  the  tank.  When  the  juice  level  in  the  tank  falls, 
the  opening  from  the  stand-pipe  to  the  tank  isolosedat  the  same  time 
that  connecting  the  stand  pipe  and  bottle  is  opened,  and  the  juice  which 
filled  the  tube  passes  Into  the  bottle.  This  is  repeated  every  time  a 
cell  of  juice  is  drawn,  and  provides  a  method  of  sampling  both  certain 

and  accurate.     A  certain  amount   of  subacetato  of  lead,  in  proportion 


17 

to  the  amount  employed  in  analytical  work,  must  be  placed  in  the  bottle 
in  order  to  preserve  the  juice.  Before  making  the  analysis  add  suffi- 
cient acetic  acid  to  the  sample  to  give  a  decided  acid  reaction.  An 
aliquot  part  of  the  sample  is  taken  for  polarization  and  the  determina- 
tion of  the  glucose.  Before  making  the  glucose  determination  the  lead 
should  be  precipitated  aDd  removed  by  filtration. 

The  opening  in  the  three-way  valve  should  be  at  least  £  inch  in  diam- 
eter, to  prevent  clogging.  The  tube  leading  from  the  tank  should  also 
be  provided  with  a  fine  strainer. 

In  order  that  the  valve  may  work  with  sufficient  rapidity  to  prevent 
placing  the  bottle  in  communication  with  both  tube  and  tank  at  the 
same  time  it  should  be  fitted  as  follows: 

A  section  of  the  valve  through  the  openings  should  show  a  T-shaped 
groove,  in  order  that  a  quarter  turn  may  suffice  to  connect  the  stand- 
pipe  with  either  the  sample  bottle  or  the  measuring  tank.  The  stem 
of  the  valve  should  be  prolonged  and  fitted  with  a  pinion  f  inch  in 
diameter,  which  in  turn  engages  a  spur-wheel  4  inches  in  diameter. 
The  spur-wheel  shaft  is  fitted  with  a  drum  8  inches  in  diameter.  The 
wire  extending  from  the  float  makes  a  couple  of  turns  around  this  drum 
and  is  then  weighted.  The  float  is  so  arranged  that  it  has  a  rise  or  fall 
of  about  1  inch. 

The  entire  apparatus  is  of  course  provided  with  a  suitable  framework, 
and  should  be  enclosed  and  under  lock  and  key.  The  delivery  tube 
from  the  stand-pipe  extends  nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  sample  bottle 
in  order  that  the  stream  of  juice  may  thoroughly  mix  with  the  sub- 
acetate  of  lead  and  with  preceding  charges.  The  dimensions  of  the 
gearing  and  drum  given  are  such  that  a  very  slight  change  in  the  level 
of  the  juice  in  the  measuring  tank  will  open  or  close  the  valve. 

FURTHER   CHECKS   ON  THE   BATTERY   WORK. 

All  the  apparatus  described  above  is  under  lock  and  key  and  out 
of  sight  of  the  battery  man.  This  workman  must  be  provided  with  a 
cheeking  system  that  will  promptly  notify  him  of  errors. 

For  this  purpose  blanks  ruled  as  below  were  furnished  the  men  at 
Magnolia. 


Date-- 

MAGNOLIA 

T  I.  A  STATION. 

U'f.t,!.                                                             

(Ml  No. 

Time 

u  In  n 

drawn. 

Density. 

Temper- 
Attire. 

Liters 
drawn. 

Cell  N<>. 

Time 
when 

tll.lU  [1. 

Density. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Liters 
dran  n. 

! 

3S1M— No.  L>1 


18 

The  men  were  required  to  fill  in  the  blanks  and  enter  on  the  back  of 
each  sheet  the  cause  of  delays. 

The  most  frequent  error  is  drawing  two  or  three  times  from  oue  cell. 
An  immediate  fall  in  the  density  of  the  juice  notifies  the  workman  of 
his  error.  The  failure  of  the  cell  number  to  correspond  with  the  num- 
ber automatically  registered  notifies  the  chemist  or  superintendent  of 
the  error.  To  illustrate  the  above-mentioned  error,  I  have  given  below 
a  transcript  of  the  battery  report  for  two  watches,  December  9.  The 
numbers  in  the  column  headed  "Temperature"  indicate  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  juice  at  the  time  of  determining  its  density,  and  not  necessa- 
rily at  the  time  of  drawing  the  charge. 

It  will  be  noticed  in  this  report  that  the  density  of  the  juice  began  to 
fall  rapidly  at  5A8  p.  m. 


MAGNOLIA  PLANTATION 

Date.— December  9. 

Watch.— Second  day  and  first  night. 

Battery 

man 

Cell  No. 

Time 
when 
drawn. 

Density. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Liters 
drawn. 

Cell  No. 

Time 
when 

drawn. 

Density. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Liters 
drawn. 

°Baume. 

°o. 

°Baume. 

°C. 

>4 

1.21 

6.0 

38 

1,360 

13 

7.45 

5.8 

37 

1,360 

5 

2.06 

6.1 

37 

1,360 

14 

7.54 

5.8 

38 

1,360 

6 

2.15 

4.6 

50 

1,360 

1 

8.04 

5.7 

43 

1,360 

7 

2.25 

5.3 

38 

1,360 

2 

8.15 

5.4 

48 

1,360 

8 

3.34 

5.2 

37 

1,360 

3 

8.24 

5.5 

45 

1,360 

9 

3.49 

4.2 

50 

1,360 

4 

8.33 

5.4 

47 

1,360 

10 

4.12 

5.0 

40 

1,360 

5 

8.42 

5.5 

47 

1,360 

11 

4.22 

5.0 

39 

1,360 

6 

8.53 

5.5 

48 

1,  360 

12 

5.21 

4.3 

50 

1,360 

7 

9.02 

5.6 

46 

1,360 

13 

5.30 

4.9 

55 

1,360 

8 

9.11 

5.7 

46 

1,360 

14 

5.39 

3.4 

57 

1,360 

9 

9.20 

5.7 

16 

1,360 

1 

5.48 

3.3 

50 

1,360 

10 

9.29 

5.8 

46 

1,360 

2 

5.  57 

2.0 

58 

1,360 

11 

9.38 

6.0 

43 

1,360 

3 

COG 

1.8 

57 

1,360 

12 

'.».  68 

6.1 

M 

1,880 

4 

Nol  (1 

rawn. 

18 

10.08 

f».  | 

50 

1,888 

fi 

6.25 

3.9 

44 

1,860 

14 

10. 17 

r>.  6 

49 

1,860 

6 

8,  68 

4.2 

40 

1,360 

1 

L0.84 

5.6 

4 'J 

1,360 

7 

6.  4.~) 

4.5 

41 

1,  360 

2 

10.44 

5. 1 

52 

1,360 

8 

6.58 

5.0 

37 

1,  360 

3 

10.68 

5.1 

52 

1,360 

9 

7.07 

5.2 

H 

1,  300 

4 

11.14 

5.  4 

46 

1,888 

10 

7.16 

5.5 

30 

1,860 

5 

11.23 

r.. .; 

M 

1,860 

11 

7. 26 

5.6 

38 

1,  300 

6 

II.  i:: 

6.0 

in 

1,880 

is 

7.35 

5.8 

37 

1,360 

7 

11.53 

6.  i 

40 

1,860 

1  Work  very  Irregular  during  woond  watch,  1.8]  to 6  p.  m.,  <»n  aooouni  <>f  trouble  \Nith  the  cane 
cutter. 

This  sudden  fall  in  density  is  due  to  more  than  one  draw  being  made 
from  one,  cell,  or,  in  Other  words,  the  workman  neglected  to  close  a  cer- 


tain valve  connecting  with  the  juice  main,  and  he 


instead  of  draw- 


ing from    the  cell    last    tilled  with    IVesh    chips  drew    repeatedly  from   a 

preceding  cell  through  this  neglected  valve.    The  battery  man  oo&iing 


19 

on  duty  the  first  night  watch  detected  the  error  from  his  predecessor's 
report  and  corrected  it.  Considerable  irregularity  in  the  recorded  den- 
sity of  the  juice  is  due  to  great  variations  in  the  temperature  at  which 
the  reading  is  made. 

It  is  perhaps  needless  to  add  that  the  battery  man  who  made  these 
errors  was  relieved  from  duty  the  following  day,  when  he  carelessly 
repeated  the  above  mistakes.  It  would  be  very  easy  for  a  workman  to 
conceal  his  error  by  making  a  false  entry  in  his  report.  The  use  of  the 
automatic  registering  apparatus  I  have  described  would  effectually  pre- 
vent or  detect  such  false  entries. 

DIFFUSION  WORK. 

The  diffusion  battery  having  been  used  three  days  continuously,  it 
was  decided  to  clear  the  yard  and  sugar-house  and  begin  test  runs. 
These  runs  began  December  1  aud  were  continued  until  the  end  of  the 
season.  In  this  time  there  were  few  delays  chargeable  to  the  battery. 
There  were  numerous  delays  caused  by  the  inefficiency  of  the  cutters 
and  the  extremely  foul  condition  of  the  Taryan  quadruple  effect.  This 
latter  failed  to  work  up  to  its  guaranteed  capacity  on  account  of  a  thick 
deposit  of  scale  on  the  tubes.  Late  in  the  season  Mr.  Yaryau  visited 
the  plantation  and  recommended  boiling  out  the  pans  with  caustic 
soda.  This  treatment  was  very  effective,  and  the  capacity  was  soon 
amply  sufficient  for  the  work  required.  In  preparation  for  further  en- 
larging his  sugar-house,  Governor  Warmoth  has  contracted  for  an  18- 
coil  quadruple  effect  of  the  Yaryan  system. 

Some  considerable  delay  was  caused  at  the  beginning  of  the  season 
on  account  of  the  clarifiers  not  being  in  readiness.  It  was  Governor 
Warmoth's  intention  to  depend  entirely  upon  the  clarification  of  the 
juice  in  the  diffusers.  This  work  was  unsatisfactory,  so  he  returned  to 
the  ordinary  method. 

MANIPULATION   OF   THE  DIFFUSION  BATTERY. 

The  method  of  operating  a  battery  in  the  diffusion  of  sugar-cane  has 
been  so  often  described  in  the  reports  of  the  Chemical  Division,  that  I 
shall, only  give  a  brief  resume  of  the  practical  work,  in  order  to  render 
subsequent  portions  of  this  bulletin  more  intelligible  to  those  who  arc 
not  thoroughly  posted. 

THE   FIRST   OPERATIONS. 

Fill  two  or  three  cells  with  water  heated  to  near  its  boiling-point. 
Let  these  cells  precede1  cell  No.  1  ;  i.  e.,  the  first  cell  tilled  with  fresh 
chips.    By  a  proper  manipulation  of  the  valves  force  water  into  t he  first 

of  the  cells  containing  hot  water,  driving  the  latter  forward  and  into 
cell  No.  1  at  the  bottom.     By  admitting  the  water  at   the  bottom  of  the 

1  FVw  convenience  of  re  fen  nee  I  will  refer  to  the  cells  in  numerical  Older,  invaria- 
bly calling  t  lie  one  in   Immediate   OOnneetiOD  with    the  water   supply  No.  1.  ami    that 

containing  fresh  chips  (after  the  firsl  ronndof  the  batter;  f  No.  12.     No,  L3  is  open  for 

the  discharge  of  exhausted  chips,  ami  No.  11  is  filling  with  fresh  ciiips. 


20 

cell  the  air  is  driven  out  at  the  vent  in  the  cover.  In  the  meantime  cell 
No.  2  is  tilled  with  fresh  chips.  When  Xo.  1  is  full  of  juice  the  valves 
are  changed,  and  the  circuit  established  through  the  valve  connecting 
with  the  upper  part  of  the  diifnser.  The  valve  connecting  with  the 
bottom  of  Xo.  2  is  then  opened,  and  the  juice  from  Xo.  1  passes  in  at  the 
bottom  of  this  cell,  water  taking  the  place  of  this  juice.  Cell  No.  3  is 
filled  with  chips,  and  the  same  operations  are  repeated,  and  so  on,  until 
six  or  seven  cells  are  filled.  The  number  of  cells  so  filled  is  dependent 
largely  on  the  temperature  of  the  water  entering  cell  No.  1  and  the 
probable  extraction.  Let  us  assume  that  seven  cells  have  been  filled. 
A  charge  of  juice  must  now  be  drawn.  The  juice  having  passed  through 
seven  cells  of  chips,  no  draw  having  been  made,  has  about  reached  its 
maximum  density.  The  work  is  now  continued,  a  charge  of  juice  being 
drawn  from  each  cell  filled.  When  cell  No.  12  is  reached  the  hot  water 
in  No.  13  is  discharged  into  the  ditch ;  while  No.  13  is  filling  the  water 
in  No.  14  is  discharged.  The  first  round  of  the  battery  is  now  com- 
pleted. The  chips  in  No.  1  have  been  treated  twelve  times  with  fresh 
water  and  are  now  ready  to  be  rejected.  While  cell  No.  14  is  filling  with 
fresh  chips  the  exhausted  chips  in  No.  1  are  being  removed.  This 
routine  continues  without  variation.  A  few  hours7  practice  at  a  battery 
is  sufficient  to  train  an  intelligent  laborer  to  do  this  work. 

INFLUENCE   OF   THE  DIMENSIONS  AND  FORM  OF  THE  CELL.1 

If  we  place  cuttings  of  cane  in  a  vessel  and  surround  them  with 
water,  no  matter  what  may  be  the  size  or  shape  of  the  vessel,  an  equi- 
librium will  soon  be  established,  and  the  diluted  juice  bathing  the  chips 
will  be  sensibly  of  the  same  density  as  that  contained  in  the  cuttings 
themselves. 

If,  in  the  construction  of  a  diffusion  cell,  we  give  it  a  diameter  of  4 
feet  and  a  depth  of  but  a  few  inches,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  ex- 
traction should  be  either  better  or  poorer  than  in  a  cell  a  few  inches  in 
diameter  and  several  feet  long,  provided  the  circulation  is  equally  good 
in  each  case*  It  is  this  proviso  which  should  control  the  dimensions 
and  form  of  a  diffusion  cell,  and  not  the  possibility  of  an  increased  or 
diminished  extraction  through  variations  in  length  of  the  column  of 
chips   which   the   water  must    traverse.     The   length  of  the  column  of 

chips  has  no  influence  whatever  upon  the  extraction,  but  should  not 

be  sufficient  to  impede  the  circulation. 

In  the  manufacture  Of  BUgar  from  beets  there  is  a  serious  objection 
to  a  large  cell,  hence  the  tendency  to  make  a  capacity  of  300  tons  per 
day  per  battery  a  limit.  This  objection  is  the  liability  of  the  beet  cat- 
lings packing  or  matting,  and  thus  interfering  with  the  circulation. 
In  the  diffusion  of  cane  even  at,  high  temperatures  we  find  no  such 
tendency  to  matting.  The  extraction  in  the  .Magnolia  battery  this 
Season  was  very  uniform,  notwithstanding  the  increased  length  of  the 

cells. 

Tor  theory  of  diffiwion,  *eo  Bulletin  No.  S,  p.  '>,  Division  of  Chemistry. 


21 

In  cells  of  large  diameter  there  is  a  possibility  of  difficulty  in  uni- 
formly distributing  the  juice.  The  experience  in  cane  work  has  been 
so  limited,  and  so  few  batteries  have  been  erected  where  a  careful  study 
of  the  work  has  been  made,  that  we  have  little  data  on  this  point.  A 
cell  of  small  diameter  can  be  built  for  less  money  than  one  of  the  same 
cubical  contents  but  greater  diameter.  This  refers  especially  to  large 
batteries.  The  lower*  doors  of  a  cell  of  large  diameter  should  have 
more  than  the  two  supports,  viz,  the  hinge  and  latch,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent springing. 

If  the  length  of  the  cell  is  excessive,  the  great  length  of  the  column 
of  cane  chips  will  retard  the  current  of  juice,  and  it  will  be  necessary  to 
increase  the  water  pressure. 

The  essential  conditions  which  must  be  observed  in  the  construction 
of  a  diffuser  are  that  the  form  and  dimensions  must  be  such  as  to  secure 
the  best  circulation  of  the  juice  through  the  chips. 

CLARIFICATION  IN  THE  DIFFUSION  BATTERY. 

The  first  few  days  of  the  season,  as  meutioned  above,  an  attempt  was 
made  to  use  lime  in  the  cells  of  the  diffusion  battery  for  the  purpose  of 
clarification.  Sufficient  milk  of  lime  was  added  to  each  cell  of  fresh 
chips  to  neutralize  the  acids  of  the  juice.  The  temperature  of  the  tbree 
cells  preceding  that  containing  the  fresh  chips  was  maintained  at  as 
nearly  95°  0.  (203°  F.)  as  possible.  The  results  may  be  summed  up 
briefly  as  follows  : 

The  diffusion  juice  was  bright  and  perfectly  clear.  In  order  to  be 
certain  that  the  clarification  was  complete,  the  juice  was  run  into  the 
clarifiers  and  heated  to  the  boiling  point.  Quite  a  "  blanket"  formed, 
considering  the  preliminary  clarification  which  had  already  been  made. 
These  impurities  evidently  resulted  from  the  partial  clarification  that 
had  taken  place  in  cell  No.  12  of*  the  battery.  The  fresh  chips,  being 
very  much  colder  than  the  juice  coming  from  the  preceding  cell,  lower 
the  temperature  below  the  point  necessary  to  a  good  clarification.  At 
the  beginning  of  this  work,  Mr.  Fred  llinze  suggested  drawing  from  the 
second  cell  from  the  last,  i.  e.,  No.  10.  The  juice  from  this  cell,  having 
been  heated  to  the  highest  temperature  practicable  in  the  battery,  is 
thoroughly  clarified.  This  plan  was  not  adopted,  since  it  reduces  the 
number  of  cells  under  pressure  to  ten,  and  necessitates  driving  two  cells 
of  juice  ahead.  The  juice  in  these  cells  soon  reaches  its  maximum  den- 
sity, and  serves  to  heal  the  chips  to  such  a  temperature  that  a  good 
clarification  can  be  obtained. 

An  attempt  was  made  bo  heat  the  chips  in  cell  No.  12  in  the  follow- 
ing manner:  Cell  No.  12  was  Oiled  with  chips  and  juice  in  the  usual 
manner,  except  that  compressed  air  was  used  to  force  the  juice  through 
the  cells;  without  changing  the  main  battery  valves  the  air  vent  on 
No.  1  was   opened,  that    on    No.    L2  closed,  and    the  current    reversed, 

forcing  air  into  No.  L2.    The  air  vent  on  No.  L2  was  again  opened  and 

tbecell  filled  with  juice  as  usual  in  regular  work. 


22 

It  may  be  seen  that  the  chips  in  iSO.  12  were  twice  bathed  in  hot 
juice,  the  first  time  raising  their  temperature  considerably,  and  the 
second,  sufficiently  high  for  claritication.  The  draw  was  made  from 
No.  12  as  usual. 

This  method  of  working,  although  it  accomplishes  the  desired  result, 
was  too  complicated,  hence  was  not  adopted. 

NOTES   ON  THE  USE   OF  LIME  IN  THE  DIFFUSION  BATTERY. 

Mr.  Fromentin1  advises  "  the  use  of  a  small  quantity  of  lime  in  the  diffu- 
sion of  beets,  2  to  3  liters  of  milk  of  lime  at  25°  Baume  being  added 
per  diffuser.  An  iucrease  in  the  purity  of  the  juice  and  a  better  extrac- 
tion are  obtained."  In  the  same  place  Mr.  Fromentin  cites  an  experi- 
ment in  which  the  purity  of  the  juice  was  increased  2  degrees. 

In  the  above  experiments  a  complete  clarification  of  the  juice  was  not 
claimed.  Subsequent  treatment  by  the  carbonatation  process  was  nec- 
essary. 

In  1883  O.  B.  Jennings,  of  Honey  Creek,  Wis.,  was  granted  letters 
patent2  for  certain  processes  in  sugar  manufacture,  in  which  he  specifi- 
cally states  that  he  uses  either  dry  lime  or  lime  whitewash  mixed  with 
the  cane  cuttings  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  thorough  defecation  in 
the  diffusion  apparatus.  Mr.  Jennings  also  claims  that  this  process  is 
applicable  in  the  diffusion  of  sugar-cane. 

Lime3  was  used  in  the  diffusion  cells  at  Wonopriugo,  Java,  the  past 
season  for  the  purpose  of  clarification. 

Lime  was  also  used  in  the  diffusers  at  the  Planters7  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, Kenner,  La.  I  am  informed  that  Dr.  W.  C.  Stubb's  experiments 
with  this  process,  which  were  made  entirely  independently  of  the  work 
of  other  experimenters,  were  very  successful. 

This  method  of  clarification  is  discussed  in  Bulletin  No.  20,  Division 
of  Chemistry,  pages  23-25. 

I  made  a  few  experiments  at  Magnolia  on  a  small  scale,  to  determine 
how  perfect  a  clarification  can  be  obtained  by  this  process.  A  pressure 
flask,  such  as  is  used  in  analytical  work,  was  nearly  filled  with  cane 
chips;  sufficient  lime  was  added  to  neutralize  the  acids  in  the  juice, 
and  the  flask  was  finally  filled  with  clarified  diffusion  juice,  closed  and 
heated  ten  minutes  to  a  temperature  of  95°  0.  (203°  F.).  The  flask  was 
cooled,  opened,  and  the  juice  was  filtered  through  linen  cloth.  The 
filtered  juice  was  then  heated  to  its  boiling  point  in  the  open  air.  It  re- 
mained perfectly  clear,  and  even  on  boiling  did  not  show  signs  of  tur- 
bidity. 

The  conditions  of  this  experiment  Ware  the  same  as  those  existing  in 
regular  diffusion  work, except  that  in  (he  latter  case  it  is  impossible  to 
heat  the  last  Cell  tO  as  high  a  temperature  as   that  obtained   in  the  ex- 

1  Revue  Universalis  des  Progrcs  d€  La  Fabrication  dn  Sucre,  l883-,84,  p.  81. 
'Letteri  Patent  N<>.  28754  l,  dated  October  :'>",  L883,  application  filed  April 2,  L883. 
'Journal  des  Fabrioents  deSuore,  Ootober  :'..  1888.    Translation  and  comments  is 
Louisiana  Planter  and  Sugar  Manufacturer,  vol.  I.  No.  it. 


23 


periraent.  This  experiment  shows  that  as  soon  as  we  obtain  some 
simple  method  of  carrying  the  juice  in  the  last  cells  of  the  battery  to 
a  sufficiently  high  temperature,  we  can  obtain  a  clarification  superior 
to  that  obtainable  in  the  ordinary  manner. 

The  use  of  lime  is  especially  to  be  recommended  when  the  work  is 
irregular  or  the  cane  damaged  by  frost  and  subsequent  fermentation. 

WORKING  TEMPERATURE   OF   THE  BATTERY. 

Owing  to  the  thickness  of  the  chips  furnished  by  the  cutter  it  was 
necessary  to  work  the  battery  at  a  high  temperature  in  order  to  obtain 
as  good  an  extraction  as  possible  with  a  low  dilution.  There  is  a  de- 
cided inconvenience  in  working  at  high  temperatures,  due  to  the  liability 
of  the  juice  boiling  in  the  heaters  and  steam  collecting  in  the  cells.  It 
is  possible  for  steam  and  air  to  collect  to  a  sufficient  extent  to  interfere 
with  the  circulation  of  the  juice  near  the  top  of  the  cell. 

In  the  preliminary  work  with  the  diffusion  battery  the  temperature 
of  cells  ^os.  8, 9,  and  10  was  maintained  as  nearly  as  possible  at  85°  C. 
(185°  F.).  The  juice  issuing  from  cell  ]So.  11  was  kept  as  hot  as  consistent 
with  rapid  work.  The  temperature  of  cells  Nos.  2  to  7,  inclusive,  ranged 
from  about  G5°  G.  to  70°  C.  (149°  to  158°  P.),  and  of  Xo.  1  about  60°  C. 
to  65°  C.  (140°  to  149°  P.).  With  thin  chips  and  a  moderate  dilution 
the  extraction  was  very  good.  Owing  to  a  lack  of  cutting  capacity  we 
were  compelled  to  increase  the  thickness  of  the  chips  and  work  the  bat- 
tery at  a  very  much  higher  temperature.  In  the  early  part  of  the  work 
we  passed  the  water  for  the  battery  through  a  large  heater ;  later  on 
we  found  that  we  could  obtain  as  good  results  without  the  heater  as 
when  using  it. 

The  range  of  temperature  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  season  is 
shown  in  the  following  table.  It  must  be  remembered  in  examining 
this  table  that  the  Magnolia  battery  has  14  cells,  12  of  which  are  in 
activity,  1  tilling  and  1  emptying.  The  small  amount  of  heating  sur- 
face in  the  calorisators  should  also  be  taken  into  account. 


Cell  number. 

T.niperature. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

1 

o 
60 

1 

J 

95 

85 

70 

o 
140 

158-176 

203 

m 

185 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

10 

11 

l'_'   

24 

A  comparison  of  the  above  table  of  temperatures  with  a  similar  table 
for  the  sugar  beet  will  be  of  value  : 


Cell  number. 

Temperatnre. 

Cent. 

Fabr. 

0 

40 
60 

1 
1 

1 

>■     80-85 

G5-70 
40-50 

0 

104 
140 

176-186 

149-158 
104-122 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

The  low  temperature  of  cells  Kos.  1  and  2,  11  and  12  in  the  second 
table  is  noticeable.  In  cells  11  and  12  this  low  temperature  is  due  to 
tin1  moderately-heated  juice  in  cells  3  to  10  coming"  in  contact  with  the 
cold  beet  cuttings.  The  temperature  of  cells  3  to  10  is  purposely  main- 
tained at  a  moderate  degree  to  prevent  the  cuttings  from  swelling  and 
impeding  the  circulation.  Even  if  it  were  practicable,  so  far  as  the 
capacity  of  the  calorisators  is  concerned,  to  raise  the  temperature  of 
cell  No.  1  above  40°  C.  (104°  P.),  it  would  be  decidedly  objectionable 
on  account  of  the  effect  of  high  temperatures  on  the  beet  cuttings. 
Practice  has  demonstrated  that  a  temperature  above  40°  C.  in  this  cell 
is  liable  to  seriously  interfere  with  the  pressing  of  the  exhausted 
cuttings. 

Is  it  not  possible  that  the  high  temperature  at  which  we  usually  con- 
duct cane  diffusion  is  largely  the  cause  of  the  difficulty  that  has  been 
experienced  in  milling  the  exhausted  chips?  In  the  experiments  made 
in  L887  at  .Magnolia  considerable  difficulty  was  experienced  in  milling 

the  chips;  so  much,  in  fact,  that  t  he  experiment  was  practically  a  failure. 
In  the  battery  work  the  water  entering  cell  No.  1  was  heated  to  about 
71°  0.(160°  F.),  and  by  the  time  it  reached  the  second  cell  its  tem- 
perature  was   little  below   the   boiling  point.      On  the   contrary,  this 

season,  when  the  milling  experiment  was  very  successful,  the  tempera- 
ture Of  the  ftref    cell  did  not    exceed  60°  0.  (140°  P.)     There  will  be  no 

Opportunity  to  continue  these  ex  perinients  at  Magnolia,  since  Governor 

Warmotfa  has  disposed  of  his  mill. 

Owing  to  the  trouble  with  the  cutter  we  had  no  further  opportunity 
to  make  experiments  in  conducting  the  battery  work  at  different  tem- 
peratures. With  thin  chips,  however,  1  am  confident  tin'  maximum 
temperature    need    not    exceed   85  '  <  \  ( L86°  F.)     There    is    little    doubt 


25 

but  that  the  relatively  lower  purity  of  the  diffusion  juices  as  compared 
with  the  normal  juice  was  due  to  the  high  temperature  at  which  we  were 
compelled  to  work. 

Juice  extracted  at  a  temperature  of  85°  0.  (185°  F.)  admits  of  easier 
and  more  thorough  treatment  in  the  sugar-house. 

DILUTION. 

Two  methods  of  stating  the  dilution  of  the  normal  juice  are  employed 
in  this  report,  viz,  apparent  dilution  and  the  actual  dilution.  In  ad- 
dition the  extra  evaporation  in  terms  of  the  diffusion  juice  is  also  given. 

Owing  to  the  frequent  variations  in  the  juice  content  of  the  cane  we 
have  a  variable  dilution  even  with  a  constant  draw.  For  the  same 
reason  we  have  a  variable  reduction  in  the  percentage  of  sucrose  in 
the  juice  aside  from  irregularities  of  extraction.  The  relation  of  the 
diffusion  juice  drawn  to  the  actual  amount  contained  in  the  cane  is 
termed  the  apparent  dilution.  It  has  been  customary  in  diffusion  work 
in  this  country  to  arbitrarily  assume  a  juice  content  of  90  per  cent,  of 
the  cane,  and  reduce  this  weight  to  volumetric  terms  based  upon  the 
density  of  the  normal  juice;  a  comparison  of  this  volume  of  juice  is 
then  made  with  the  volume  of  diffusion  juice  drawn.  In  this  report 
the  actual  volume  of  juice  in  the  cane  is  compared  with  the  volume  of 
diffusion  juice  drawn  and  the  result  is  termed  the  apparent  dilution. 
The  nearer  we  approach  a  perfect  extraction,  the  nearer  the  apparent 
dilution  approaches  the  actual. 

The  actual  dilution  is  the  proportion  of  water  added  to  the  normal 
juice  to  reduce  its  percentage  of  sugar  to  that  of  the  diffusion  juice; 
hence  the  actual  dilution  represents  the  evaporation  necessary,  per 
cent,  normal  juice,  to  remove  the  added  water.  In  calculating  the 
dilution  we  take  the  sum  of  the  percentages  of  sucrose  and  glucose  in 
order  to  diminish  the  errors  resulting  from  inversion. 

In  figuring  coal  consumption  in  the  comparison  of  mill  and  diffusion 
work  all  statements  should  be  based  on  the  actual  dilution. 


GENERAL  ANALYTICAL  DATA. 


DIFFUSION  WORK. 

Iii  the  following  table,  giving  general  analytical  data,  and  in  subse- 
quent tables  giving  special  analytical  and  manufacturing  data  of  each 
"run,"  all  the  analyses  necessary  in  deducing  the  results  stated  are 
printed  in  full. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  tabulate  these  analyses  and  deductions 
as  completely  as  possible,  and  in  such  a  manner  that  there  may  be  no 
difficulty  in  others  making  any  further  deductions  permitted  by  the 
scope  of  the  work. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  diffusion  work  it  was  my  intention  to  make 
three  sets  of  analyses  per  day,  but  irregular  work  very  often  prevented 
me  from  doing  so,  and  on  several  occasions  the  samples  fermented  be- 
fore a  sufficient  quantity  had  been  collected  for  an  analysis.  Several 
sets  of  analyses  were  rejected  in  the  final  tabulations  owing  to  manifest 
errors  in  the  battery  work.  Reference  to  the  battery  reports  was  usu- 
ally sufficient  to  decide  the  rejection  or  retention  of  doubtful  analyses. 
On  three  occasions,  when,  owing  to  irregular  work,  no  analysis  was 
made,  that  of  the  previous  day  was  taken  to  represent  the  average  of 
the  day's  work. 

The1  method  of  sampling  pursued  in  former  seasons  was  the  only  one 
available.  One  hundred  cubic  centimeters  of  juice  were  taken  from 
each  charge  and  stored  in  a  large  bottle  until  a  sufficient  quantity  tor 
a  fair  sample  bad  been  taken.  A  handful  of  fresh  and  one  of  exhausted 
chips  were  also  taken  from  each  cell.  The  former  was  passed  through 
a  small  hand  mill,  and  the  juice  so  obtained  was  analyzed  and  the 
analysis  taken  to  represent  the  normal   juice  of  the  cane. 

Probably  some  of  the  perplexing  and  seemingly  conflicting  results 

obtained  should  be  attributed  to  the  method  of  sampling  the  diffusion 

juice,  and  the  lack  of  a  reliable  check  on  the  amount  of  juice  drawn. 

The  battery  work  was  followed  up  as  carefully  as  possible,  both  by  my- 
self and  Mr.    Fred    Hin/e,  the   latter  having  immediate  supervision   of 

the  work.    Many  of  the  irregularities  in  the  amount  of  juioe  drawn,  as 

shown  in  tin'  tabulated  statements  of  each    "nm/'   were  due   to   errors 
96 


27 

on  the  part  of  the  battery  men.  In  justice  to  these  men,  who  performed 
their  duties  conscientiously  and  faithfully,  I  wish  to  say  that  these 
errors  are  perhaps  largely  attributable  to  faulty  measuring  apparatus 
and  irregular  work,  which  had  a  tendency  to  confuse  them. 

In  case  the  Department  decides  to  continue  its  experiments  at  Mag- 
nolia next  season  the  very  best  control  apparatus  should  be  provided. 

Table  I. — Comparison  of  normal  and  diffusion  juices. 
ZSTOEMAL    JUICES. 


Date. 

Xo. 

Degree 
Brix. 

Degree 
Baum6.1 

Specific 

gravity. 

Sucrose. 

Reducing 

sugars 

(glacose, 

etc.). 

Co-effi- 
cient of 
purity. 

Glucose 
per  100 

sucrose. 

1888. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Dec.     1 

1 

1G.2 

9.0 

1.  06C5 

14.2 

.58 

87.  65 

4.08 

Dec.     1 

2 

1 ."). .") 

8.6 

1. 0634 

13.7 

.46 

88.  22- 

3.36 

Dec.     2 

3 

15.7 

8.7 

1.0643 

13.7 

.46 

87.27 

3.36 

Dec.     2 

4 

15.9 

8.8 

1. 0652 

13.7 

.46 

86.17 

3.36 

Dec.     3 

5 

16.3 

9.0 

1.  0009 

14.3 

.49 

87.66 

3.43 

Dec.     3 

6 

16.3 

9.0 

1.06G9 

14.5 

.39 

88.88 

2.69 

Dec.     3 

7 

16.2 

9.0 

1. 0665 

14.1 

.48 

86.43 

3.40 

Dec.     4 

8 

15.8 

8.8 

1.0647 

14.0 

.39 

88.27 

2.78 

Dec.     4 

9 

16.3 

9.0 

1. 0669 

14.1 

.52 

86.43 

3.69 

Dec.     4 

10 

1G.2 

9  0 

1. 0665 

14.4 

.53 

88.85 

3.20 

Dec.     5 

11 

16.3 

9.0 

1. 0669 

14.4 

.42 

88.27 

2.91 

Dec.     6 

12 

1G.2 

9.0 

1.0665 

14.0 

.52 

86.38 

3.71 

Dec.     6 

13 

16.0 

8.9 

1.  0656 

14.1 

.48 

88.12 

3.40 

Dec.     G 

14 

16.2 

9.0 

1*  06C5 

14.1 

.51 

87.00 

3.62 

Dec.     7 

15 

1G.0 

8.9 

1. 0656 

14.0 

.51 

87.50 

3..71 

Dec.     8 

1G 

15.7 

8.7 

1.0643 

13.5 

.54 

86.00 

4.00 

Dec.     8 

17 

17.0 

9  4 

1.  0700 

14.6 

.44 

85.85 

3.01 

Dec.     9 

18 

16.9 

9.4 

1. 0695 

14.5 

.52 

85.84 

3.59 

Dec.   10 

19 

17.1 

9.5 

1.  0704 

14.6 

.53 

85. 41 

3.63 

Dec.   11 

20 

16.6 

9.2 

1. 0G82 

14.6 

.44 

87.89 

3.01 

Dec.   11 

21 

15.7 

8.7 

1.0643 

13.6 

.67 

86.63 

4.92 

Dec.   12 

22 

16.  4 

9.1 

1.0674 

14.:: 

.60 

87.  23 

4.19 

Dec.   12 

23 

16.8 

9.3 

1.  0691 

15.0 

3.80 

Dec.   13 

24 

16.8 

9.3 

1.0691 

14.7 

.02 

87.40 

-4.  •:■: 

Dec.  13 

17.0 

9.4 

1.0700 

14.7 

.60 

86.44 

4.08 

Dec.   13 

26 

17.0 

9.4 

1.0700 

11.7 

.60 

80.44 

4.08 

Dec.    14 

•J  7 

17.1 

9.  5 

1.0704 

15.2 

.6.' 

4.08 

28 

16.8 

14.5 

.GO 

4.14 

Deo.   i:, 

29 

17.  1 

9.  5 

1.0704 

15.3 

.  ;7 

3.07 

Dm.    L8 

30 

15.8 

1.0647 

12.9 

1.(0 

81.  00 

7.  77. 

Dec.  17 

31 

17.1 

9.  5 

.81 

8d.]4 

5.  91 

Deo.    LS 

17.2 

!'. ."- 

i:..:: 

.51 

3.33 

I). ,.   li 

83 

17.  1 

:i.  8 

1.0719 

15.2 

87.  35 

Deo.   i  • 

34 

16.8 

1.0691 

3.  66 

Deo.  i  l 

17.0 

9  1 

.GO 

87.  02 

Deo.  20 

30 

17.:: 

1.0718 

l '..  •_' 

3.  02 

17.3 

9.6 

1.0713 

15.2 

3.48 

Deo.  21 

38 

17.  t 

1.0717 

149 

17.  1 

9  8 

1.O701 

4.  98 

Degreee  Boojd5  ere  from  the  old  oeloaletione  m  glTen  in  :  lauL 


28 


Table  I. — Comparison  of  normal  and  diffusion  juices —  Continued. 
XORMAL  JUICES. 


Date. 

No. 

Degree 
Brix. 

Degree 
Baurne.1 

Specific 

gravity. 

Sucrose. 

Reducing 
sugars 

(glucose, 
etc.). 

Coeffi- 
cient of 

purity. 

Glucose 
per  100 
sucrose. 

1888. 

Percent. 

Per  cent. 

Dec.  25) 
Dec.   26£ 

40 

17.4 

9.6 

1.0717 

14.9 

.64 

85.68 

4.29 

Dec.   27 

41 

17.1 

9.5 

1.  0704 

14.8 

.72 

86.58 

4.87 

Dec.  27 

42 

17.2 

9.5 

1.  0709 

14.7 

.61 

85.  41 

4.35 

Dec.   28 

43 

16.9 

9.4 

1.  0695 

14.4 

.79 

85.25 

5.48 

Dec.   28 

44 

17.3 

9.6 

1.0713 

15.0 

.69 

86.70 

4.62 

Dec.   28 

45 

17.8 

9.9 

1. 0735 

15.2 

.74 

85. 42 

4.87 

Dec.  29 

46 

17.8 

9.9 

1.  0735 

15.1 

-•■> 

84.86 

4.77 

Dec.   29 

47 

17.3 

9.6 

1.  0713 

14.5 

.  72 

83.81 

4.97 

Dec.  29 

48 

17.1 

9.5 

1. 0704 

14.9 

.62 

87.16 

4.16 

Dec.   30 

49 

16.9 

9.4 

1.  0695 

14.6 

.61 

86.43 

4.18 

Dec.   30 

50 

16.4 

9.1 

1.  0674 

14.0 

.58 

85.40 

4.14 

Dec.   31 

51 

16.5 

9.1 

1. 0678 

14.0 

.67 

84.84 

4.78 

Dec.   31 

52 

16.5 

9.1 

1. 0U78 

14.5 

.63 

87.87 

4.35 

1889. 

Jan.     1 

53 

16.0 

9.2 

1. 0682 

13.7 

.83 

82.  47 

6.06 

Jan.     2 

54 

16.3 

9.0 

1.  0669 

14.0 

.61 

85. 82 

4.36 

Jan.     2 

55 

16.1 

8.9 

1.  0660 

13.6 

.73 

81.46 

5.37 

Jan.      3 

56 

17.1 

9.5 

1.0704 

14.9 

.  55 

67.16 

.     3.69 

Jan.     3 

57 

16.0 

8.9 

1. 0656 

13.5 

.70 

84.37 

5.19 

Jan.     42 

68 

15.5 

8.6 

1.  0634 

13.2 

.55 

85.14 

4.16 

Jan.     4 

59 

16.0 

8.9 

1.0656 

13.6 

.70 

85.00 

5.15 

Jan.     5 

60 

14.6 

8.1 

1.  0596 

11.9 

.81 

81.51 

6.80 

Jan.     5 

61 

14.0 

7.8 

1.  0570 

11.3 

.74 

80.68 

6.55 

Jan.     6 

62 

12.9 

7.2 

1. 0523 

10.1 

.62 

78.27 

6.13 

Jan.     6 

63 

16.3 

9.0 

1.0669 

14.6 

.41 

89.50 

2.81 

Jan.     7 

61 

16.2 

9.0 

1.  0665 

14.4 

.41 

88.85 

•2.  85 

Jan.     8 

65 

16.2 

9.0 

1.0665 

14.4 

.33 

88.85 

2.  2!) 

Jan.      8 

66 

16.2 

9.0 

1.0665 

14.1 

.::: 

87.00 

2.  62 

Jan.     9 

67 

15.9 

8.8 

1.0652 

14.2 

.40 

2.  82 

Jan.      9 

68 

16.0 

8.9 

1. 0656 

13.9 

.40 

86.87 

2.88 

Jan.    10 

69 

16.1 

8.9 

1. 0660 

13.9 

.10 

86.32 

2.  B8 

Jan.    10 

70 

15.  9 

8.8 

1.0652 

13.4 

.33 

B4.29 

2.  46 

Jan.    11 

71 

15.4 

8.5 

1.0630 

13.3 

.41 

86.82 

3.08 

Jan.    11 

72 

15.4 

8.5 

1.0630 

12.8 

.42 

83.07 

3.28 

Jan.    12 

73 

15.7 

8.7 

1.0643 

13.6 

.  18 

86.63 

3.30 

Jan.    12 

74 

15.5 

a  8 

1.0634 

i3.  a 

.44 

85.14 

3.33 

Jan.     18) 
Jan.     Us 

M  i.iii  i  . . 

75 

15.  3 

8.5 

1.  0626 

13.  0 

.  11 

^.  03 

3.  38 

16.4 

9.1 

1.0672 

14.1 

.  56 

85.  97 

3.  97 

1  Degreei  Baamtfan  from  the  old  calculations  m  given  In  "Tuoker's  Manual." 
*  Battery  work  Irregular,  due  t<>  heavy  rains  ami  consequent  short  supply  of  cauo. 


29 


Table  I. — Comparison  of  normal  and  diffusion  juices — Continued. 
DIFFUSION  JUICES. 


Date. 

Xo. 

Degree 
Brix. 

Degree 
Baume.1 

Specific 

gravity. 

Sucrose. 

Eeducing 

sugars 

(glucose, 

etc.). 

Co-effi- 
cient of 
purity. 

Glucose 
per  100 
sucrose. 

1888. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Dec.     1 

1 

12.6 

7.0 

1. 0510 

10.8 

.42 

85.79 

3.88 

Dec.     1 

2 

12.8 

7.1 

1.0519 

11.1 

.42 

86.85 

3.78 

Dec.     2 

3 

13.2 

7.3 

1. 0536 

11.4 

.43 

86.30 

3.77 

Dec.     2 

4 

13.6 

7.5 

1.0553 

11.4 

.43 

83.79 

3.77 

Dec.     3 

5 

12.4 

6.9 

1. 0502 

10.6 

.40 

85.44 

3.76 

Dec.     3 

6 

12.8 

7.1 

1. 0519 

11.2 

.26 

87.47 

2.32 

Dec.     3 

7 

11.6 

6.4 

1.0468 

10.4 

.34 

89.65 

3.27 

Dec.     4 

8 

12.0 

6.7 

1.  0485 

10.4 

.39 

86.63 

3.75 

Dec.     4 

9 

12.2 

6.8 

1.  (3493 

10.5 

.47 

86.10 

4.48 

Dec.     4 

10 

13.1 

7.3 

1.0531 

11.3 

.30 

86.22 

2.65 

Dec.     5 

11 

11.7 

6.5 

1. 0472 

10.6 

.42 

90.63 

3.95 

Dec.     6 

12 

12.2 

6.8 

1.0493 

11.1 

.38 

91.62 

3.42 

Dec.     6 

13 

12.8 

7.1 

1.0519 

11.0 

.34 

85.91 

3.09 

Dec.     6 

14 

12.7 

7.0 

1.0514 

10.9 

.39 

85.78 

3.58 

Dec.     7 

15 

12.6 

7.0 

1. 0512 

10.8 

.39 

85.75 

3.59 

Dec.     8 

16 

12.6 

7.0 

1.0510 

10.7 

.41 

84.96 

3.81 

Dec.     8 

17 

12.4 

6.9 

1. 0502 

10.7 

.36 

86.24 

3.35 

Dec.     9 

18 

13.0 

7.2 

1. 0527 

10.7 

.42 

82.  28 

3.91 

Dec.   10 

19 

13.7 

7.6 

1.0557 

11.7 

.42 

85.41 

3.59 

Dec.   11 

20 

13.0 

7.2 

1.0527 

10.9 

.30 

83.82 

2.75 

Dec.  11 

21 

12.8 

7.1 

1. 0519 

10.6 

.67 

82.78 

6.30 

Dec.  12 

22 

12.  6 

7.0 

1.0510 

10.7 

.65 

84.96 

6.07 

Doc.  12 

23 

12.8 

7.1 

L0519 

10.8 

.58 

84.35 

5.34 

Dec.   13 

24 

13.  0 

7.2 

1.  0527 

10.9 

.40 

83.  82 

3.67 

Dec.   13 

25 

12.  2 

6.8 

1.0493 

10.7 

.44 

87.74 

4.09 

Dec.   13 

26 

13.1 

7.3 

1.0531 

11.6 

.48 

89.51 

4.14 

Dec.   14 

27 

12.9 

7.2 

1. 0523 

11.0 

.45 

85.  25 

4.09 

Dec.   15 

28 

13.2 

7.3 

1.0530 

11.1 

.60 

84.03 

5.40 

Dec.   15 

29 

12.  5 

6.9 

1.  0506 

10.6 

.41 

84.80 

3.86 

Dec.   16 

30 

12.5 

6.9 

1.  0506 

10.1 

.60 

80.80 

5.94 

Dec.   17 

31 

12.7 

7.0 

1.  0514 

10.3 

81.06 

5.33 

Dec.   18 

32 

13.8 

7.6 

1.0561 

11.0 

.51 

84.10 

4.40 

Dec.   18 

33 

14.6 

8.1 

1.6386 

12.  5 

.47 

85.62 

3.76 

Dec.   19 

34 

13.9 

7.7 

L6666 

12.0 

.49 

4.08 

Dec.   19 

35 

13.7 

7.6 

1.  0557 

11.9 

.48 

86.87 

4.03 

Dec.   20 

36 

18.  2 

7.3 

1.  0530 

11.  1 

.42 

86.  30 

3.68 

Dec.   20 

37 

14.0 

t  a 

L6670 

12.0 

85.68 

4.33 

Dec.   21 

38 

13.8 

7.6 

1.6561 

11.6 

.47 

84.  10 

4.05 

Dec.   23  f 
Dec.   24  £ 

N 

13.7 

7.6 

1.6567 

11.7 

.50 

i  88 

Dm.  23) 
Dee.  26j 

40 

13.8 

7.6 

1.0661 

11.9 

.51 

Dec.   27 

41 

12.8 

7.  1 

1.05 11) 

10.8 

.51 

4.69 

Dec.   27 

42 

18.3 

7.:; 

LP.  9 

.  ir 

Dee.  28 

12.8 

7.1 

1.0518 

11.0 

Dec.   28 

44 

IS.  1 

7.3 

11.0 

Dei 

45 

18.6 

7.5 

1.0548 

n.  a 

.58 

Dec.  29 

16 

16  :: 

7.4 

1.0640 

11.0 

.00 

Deo,  29 

47 

i::  1 

7.3 

M  BMUD4  hiv  I'nmi  die  oid  lalculutiuns  a*  given  In     Tiuki-r'.i  Manual." 


30 


Table  I. — Comparison  of  normal  and  diffusion  juices — Continued. 
DIFFUSION  JUICES— Continued. 


Date. 

No. 

Degree 
Brix. 

Degree 
Baume.1 

Specific 
gravity. 

Sucrose. 

Reducing 

sugars 

(glucose, 

etc.). 

Co-effi- 
cient of 

purity. 

Glucose 
per  100 
sucrose. 

1888. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Dec.   29 

48 

13.1 

7.3 

1.0531 

11.0 

.70 

83.93 

6.36 

Dec.   30 

49 

13.2 

7.3 

1.  0536 

11.0 

.70 

83.  27 

6.36 

Dec.   30 

50 

13.5 

7.5 

1.  0548 

11.3 

.71 

83.73 

6.28 

Dec.   31 

51 

13.3 

7.4 

1.  0540 

10.9 

.67 

81.97 

6.14 

Dec.   31 

52 

13.6 

7.5 

1.  0553 

11.6 

.55 

85.26 

4.74 

1889. 

Jan.     1 

53 

12.6 

7.0 

1.  0510 

10.7 

.66 

84.96 

6.16 

Jan.     2 

54 

12.7 

7.0 

1.  0514 

10.6 

.45 

83.  42 

4.  23 

Jan.     2 

55 

12.4 

6.9 

1.  0502 

10.2 

.47 

82.21 

4.64 

Jan.     3 

56 

13.4 

7.4 

1.0544 

11.2 

.57 

83.  55 

5.09 

Jan.     3 

57 

12.9 

7.2 

1.  0523 

11.0 

.57 

85.  25 

5.18 

Jan.     4 

58 

12.4 

6.9 

1. 0502 

10.2 

.  75 

82.21 

7.35 

Jan.     4 

59 

13.4 

7.4 

1.  0544 

11.1 

.75 

82.81 

6.75 

Jan.     5 

60 

12.4 

6.9 

1.  0502 

10.2 

.63 

82.  21 

6.17 

Jan.      5 

61 

12.4 

6.9 

1.  0502 

10.2 

.55 

82.  21 

5.39 

Jan.     6 

(52 

11.5 

6.4 

1.  0464 

8.8 

.54 

76.47 

6.16 

Jan.     6 

63 

13.6 

7.5 

1.0553 

11.5 

.28 

84.52 

2.52 

Jan.     7 

64 

13.3 

7.4 

1.0540 

11.6 

.29 

87.23 

2.50 

Jan.     8 

65 

13.2 

7.3 

1.  0536 

11.3 

.45 

85.54 

3.98 

Jan.     8 

66 

13.7 

7.6 

1.  0557 

11.7 

.39 

85.41 

3.33 

Jan.     9 

67 

13.1 

7.3 

1.  0531 

11.3 

.41 

86.  22 

3.63 

Jan.     9 

68 

12.4 

6.9 

1.0502 

11.4 

.38 

91.88 

3.33 

Jan.   10 

69 

12.5 

6.9 

1.  0506 

11.0 

.34 

88.00 

3.09 

Jan.    10 

70 

13.6 

7.5 

1.  0553 

11.0 

.43 

80.85 

3.91 

Jan.    11 

71 

12.4 

6.9 

1. 0502 

10.6 

.38 

85.44 

3.57 

Jan.   11 

72 

12.1 

6.7 

1. 0489 

10.0 

.38 

82.  60 

3.80 

Jan.   12 

73 

11.9 

6.6 

1.  0481 

10.4 

.37 

87.36 

3.55 

Jan.   12 

74 

12.2 

6.8 

1.  0493 

10.6 

.42 

86.92 

3.95 

Jan.   13> 
Jan.   145 

75 

11.9 

6.6 

1.  0481 

10.4 

.40 

87.36 

3.85 

12.9 

7.2 

1.0622 

11.0 

.48 

85.27 

4.36 

1  Degrees  Bauin6  are  from  the  <>1<1  Oftloulej  Lon.8  U  given  In  ' "Tucker's  Manual." 
Jtexume  shoiciiiu  the  mnai  OOmpOtitUm  Of  the  normal  and  diffusion  jtt&ees,  the  maximum  and 

minimum  density,  percentages  of  sucrose,  reducing  sugars  {glucose,  etc),  coefficient  of 
i>ii ni i/,  etc,  75  analyses. 


Degree  Brix  

Degree  Beaml    

spec i He  gravity 

Bncrooe per  - 1  el 

Reducing  sngafrs(gluoos<  ,•  \<  I    «i... 

Coeffleienl  of  parity , 

I Uuooee  p.  i  loo  raoroee 

[aversion,  pei  sent  diffa  lion  jaioe  . 


Norma]  juioe. 


Means.      Maxima.      Minima 


16.4 
9.1 
LO072 

li.  i 
.  M 


17.8 

9.9 

1.0788 
16.8 

1.0 


12.!) 

7.2 

1.0523 
10.  1 

2.  29 


Diffusion  jaioe. 


Maxima.     Minima 


1 2.8 

7.2 

1.H.V22 
11.0 

.  18 
88,  27 
I   ::.; 
.  066 


14.6 

8.1 

L.0686 
13.fi 

.72 

01.88 

7.  86 

2.  88 


11.5 
(i.  4 

1.0464 
8.8 
.  28 

2.  5 
0.0 


31 

DISCUSSION  OF   TABLE  I. 

An  inspection  of  Table  I  shows  that  the  normal  juices  were  of  excep- 
tional richness  and  purity.  (Compare  similar  tables  in  Bulletins  5,  11, 
15,  17,  and  18.)  The  purity  of  the  diifusion  juice  is  generally  lower 
than  that  of  the  normal. 

The  glucose  per  100  sucrose  is  generally  higher  in  the  diffusion  than 
in  the  normal  juices.  This  indicates  an  inversion,  although  the  same 
glucose  per  100  sucrose  in  the  two  juices  would  not  necessarily  indicate 
that  there  had  been  no  inversion.  A  lower  glucose  per  100  sucrose  in 
the  diffusion  juice  is  not  an  absurdity,  as  will  be  shown  further  on.  A 
lower  glucose  per  100  sucrose  might  exist  in  the  diffusion  juice  and  still 
an  inversion  of  sucrose  have  taken  place.  This  question  will  be  dis- 
cussed further  on  under  the  heading  "  Inversion,"  page  32. 

The  lower  mean  purity  of  the  diffusion  juice  is  in  a  measure  attrib- 
utable to  inversion,  but  the  greater  part  of  this  reduction  is  a  result  of 
the  high  temperature  at  which  battery  work  was  conducted.  It  is  no- 
ticeable ^that  from  the  1st  of  December  to  the  8th,  during  which  time 
lime  was  employed  in  the  battery  for  clarification,  with  the  exception 
of  four  instances  the  purity  of  the  diffusion  is  lower  than  that  of  the 
normal  juice.  This  continues  during  the  remainder  of  the  season  with 
rare  exceptions,  which  latter  raise  the  mean  purity  of  the  diffusion  juice 
to  nearly  that  of  the  normal.  The  experience  of  beet  sugar  manufact- 
urers is  that  too  high  a  temperature  in  certain  cells  of  the  battery  has  a 
tendency  to  produce  an  impure  juice.  Keasoning  from  analogy,  no  other 
source  of  deterioration  being  apparent,  we  must  attribute  the  lower 
purity  of  the  cane  diffusion  juice  to  the  same  cause. 

All  the  evidence  we  have  seems  to  indicate  that  the  method  of  con- 
ducting the  battery  must  be  modified.  With  thinner  chips  next  season 
it  is  hoped  that  a  lower  range  of  temperature  can  be  employed  except 
in  the  last  three  cells,  in  which  a  high  temperature  is  requisite.  It 
must  be  understood  that  these  statements  are  made  for  battery  work 
in  which  lime  is  not  used  for  clarification  in  the  cells.  In  this  latter 
case  a  high  temperature  is  essentia]  to  a  good  clarification. 

Commencing  December  31,  a  small  quantity  of  lime  was  used  in  the 
battery  as  a  precautionary  measure.  This  amount  was  not  sufficient  to 
prevent  the  large  inversion  of  January  4. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  call  attention  to  the  analyses  of  the  normal 
juices  commencing  December  20,  the  date  of  a  severe  freeze,  at  which 
time  ice  one-eighth  of  an  inch  thick  formed.  There  were  still  200  acres 
of  cane  left  standing  in  fields  at,  the  time  Of  this  freeze.  None  of  this 
cane  was  windrowed.  It  was  cut  as  fast  as  possible  and  covered  with 
trash.     The  cutters  finished  work  about  January  9. 

The  meteorological  conditions  for  a  tew  days  after  the  freeze  were  as 

follows:    December  L'l  and  lili,  clear  ami   cool;   23  and  24,  temperature 

maximum,  65°  V. j  2&,  rain;  L'i;,  heavy  rain  j  L'7  and  L'S,  cool. 


32 

A  small  amount  of  cane  left  on  the  yard  was  injured  to  a  slight  ex- 
tent. The  first  cane  cut  after  the  freeze  was  worked  January  3.  The 
cane  of  the  5th  and  half  the  Gth  was  from  tile-drained  land.  This 
land  had  been  used  as  pasture  a  great  many  years  and  cane  had  never 
before  been  grown  on  it. 

There  are  no  indications  from  the  analyses  that  the  cane  had 
been  damaged  by  the  freeze,  but  notwithstanding  liberal  doses  of  lime 
in  the  cells  the  losses  from  inversion  were  more  frequent  than  at  any 
time  previous  to  January  3,  the  date  of  working  the  first  cane  cat  after 
this  freeze.  This  cane,  although  the  relative  proportions  of  sucrose  and 
the  reducing  sugars  show  little  if  any  change,  may  still  have  been 
affected.  The  fermentation  attacking  the  dextrose  first  and  reducing 
its  quantity  might  leave  the  proportions  of  the  sugars  so  little  changed 
as  not  to  be  detected  by  the  ordinary  routine  analyses.  The  acidity  of 
the  ends  of  the  cane,  due  to  acetous'  fermentation  subsequent  to  the 
freeze,  is  probably  the  cause  of  the  inversion  the  last  few  days  of  the 
season. 

INVERSION. 

The  actual  inversion  in  the  battery  can  not  be  determined  with  cer- 
tainty when  lime  is  employed  in  the  cells  for  clarification.  A  slight 
excess  of  lime  over  that  required  to  saturate  the  organic  acids  combines 
with  the  dextrose  usually  present  and  forms  compounds  readily  decom- 
posable even  at  low  temperatures.  The  destruction  of  these  compounds 
naturally  reduces  the  percentage  of  glucose  present  in  the  diffusion 
juice,  and  proportionately  lowers  the  ratio  of  the  glucose  to  the  sucrose. 

A  second  difficulty  in  determining  inversion  arises  from  possible  in- 
accuracy in  estimating  the  glucose  l  in  the  very  dilute  solutions  obtained 
from  the  exhausted  chips.  There  is  no  necessity  for  this  determination 
except  when  the  battery  work  is  conducted  very  rapidly.  Glucose,  be- 
ing a  body  which  diffuses  comparatively  slowly,  in  the  case  of  rapid 
work  would  not  be  extracted  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  sucrose. 
In  order,  under  these  conditions,  to  determine  the  inversion,  the  amount 
of  glucose  in  the  exhausted  chips  must  be  known.  Ordinarily  it  is  suf- 
ficient to  figure  the  glucose  in  the  exhausted  chips  from  the  ratio  of 
glucose  to  sucrose  in  the  diffusion  juice,  assuming  that  the  sugars  iu 
the  diffusion  j nice  and  exhausted  chips  are  in  the  same  ratio.     As  no 

determinations  Of  glucose  in  t  he  exhausted  chips  were  made  this  season, 
I  have  used  this  method  of  calculation.  The  work  was  rarely  con- 
ducted with  sufficient  rapidity  at  .Magnolia  to  render  the  retention  of 
glucose  beyond  the  proportion  in  the  diffusion  juice  probable.  During 
the  first  few  (lays'  work  lime  was  used  in  the  kiltery.  The  lower  glu- 
cose per  100  sucrose  in  the  diffusion    juices  at  this  time  is  probably  due 

to   its   II  >e. 

The  increase  in  the  ratio  of  the  glucose    to  the  sucrose  of  a  diffusion 

1  The  term  glucose  is  used  in  this  Article  for  the  take  of  brevity,  It  includes  (u« 
employed  here)  all  rednoiog  sugars  present. 


33 

juice  over  that  of  the  corresponding  normal  juice  is  not  directly  a  meas- 
ure of  inversion,  but  an  exaggerated  statement  of  the  loss  from  this 
source.     To  illustrate  this  point  I  give  the  following  example  : 

Per  cent. 

Normal  juice : 

Sucrose 13.20 

Glucose 55 

Glucose  per  100  sucrose 4. 10 

Diffusion  juice : 

Sucrose 10.20 

Glucose 73 

Glucose  per  100  sucrose 7.  35 

Increase  in  glucose  per  100  sucrose 3. 19 

The  actual  inversion  was  2.81  per  cent,  of  the  sucrose  contained  in 
the  normal  juice. 

It  is  evident  that  any  inversion  is  accompanied  by  a  corresponding 
increase  in  the  percentage  of  glucose.  In  figuring  the  glucose  per  100 
sucrose  after  inversion  an  augmented  glucose  percentage  is  divided  by 
a  diminished  sucrose  percentage,  and  while  the  ratio  obtained  for  this 
modified  juice  is  correct  we  do  not  obtain  a  direct  measure  of  inversion. 
There  is  still  another  source  of  exaggeration  due  to  the  amount  of  iu- 
vertose  formed  being  greater  than  the  weight  of  sucrose  inverted.  The 
relative  proportions  of  sucrose  and  iuvertose  are  as  95  to  100. 

The  following  formulae  have  been  employed  in  this  report  in  calcu- 
lating inversion: 

»E  =  evaporation  necessary  to  concentrate  the  diffusion  juice  to  the  density  of  the 
normal,  expressed  in  terms  of  the  diffusion  juice. 

P=per  cent,  glucose  (reducing  sugars)  in  the  normal  juice. 

j>  =  percent.  glucose  (reducing  sugars)  in  the  diffusion  jttioe-r-100. 
[j> — (100  —  E)  P]  .95==  sucrose  inverted,  expressed  in  terms  of  the  diffusion  juice. 

*  Example. 

P«r  cent. 

Normal  juice: 

Sucrose 13.20 

Glucose 55 

Diffusion  juice : 

Sucroso 10.20 

Glucose ?."> 

K\  aporation  =  E  =  20.3. 

By  substituting  the  values  of  the  letters  in  the  formula,  as  given  in 
tin*  example,  we  have : 

[.75— (100— 20.3).0055].95=.296  per  cent,  sucrose  inverted,  expressed  in 
terms  <>r  the  diffusion  juice. 

1  A  slighl  error  isintroduoed  here,  due  to  the  invert  sugar  formed  beii  than 

the  vreighl  of  sucrose  inverted  in  the  proportion  L00;  96.  This  error,  except  in  ex- 
treme oases,  would  oof  exceed  a  total  of  20  pounds  of  sugar  on  ■  large  orop  at  Magnolia 
1 10,000  ttms  ;i\ erage  orop ). 

'Actual  analyses  Jan  uar j  I,  the  date  of  the  greatest  inversion.  See  Tables  I  and  II. 
3824—  No.  21 3 


34 

Referring  to  Table  V,  Part  T,  we  find,  the  total  weight  of  diffusion 
juice  for  this  analysis  was  90,090  pounds,  and  the  tons  of  cane  44.47. 

90  0MG 

'    _  =jnice  drawn  per  ton  of  cane=2,101  pounds, 

and  2,101  x. 290=0.4  pounds  sucrose  inverted  per  ton  of  cane. 

As  stated  in  the  foot-note,  this  formula  does  not  give  exact  results, 
but,  since  the  error  is  so  very  small  as  to  be  almost  inappreciable,  it 
saves  the  labor  of  calculations  by  the  longer  and  more  exact  methods. 
The  greater  the  inversion  the  larger  the  error  will  be.  If,  by  an  inspec- 
tion of  the  glucose  ratios  of  the  diffusion  and  normal  juices,  we  find  a 
very  large  inversion  indicated,  use  one  of  the  longer  formula}  given 
below. 

[Formula  by  Lieut.  A.  B.  Clements,  U.  S,  Navy.] 

(1)  .r=sucrose  inverted  per  cent,  diffusion  juice  =a       !"~^ 

~ 95~ 
^=105.26315 

r,=glueose  per  100  of  sucrose  in  diffusion  juice. 
r2= glucose  per  100  of  sucrose  iu  normal  juice. 
a=per  cent,  sucrose  in  diffusion  juice. 

[Formula  i>y  Lieut.  A.  B.  ( ilements,  I '.  s.  Navy.  ] 

I1  —F 

(2)  #= sucrose  inverted  per  cent,  diffusion  juice  — 1> 

v   f  '  •'  L+100Fa 

^t=-= 1.05263 
95 

„  _per  cent.  sucrose  in  diffusion  juice. 
I— per  cent,  glucose  in  diffusion  juice. 
„_]>er  cent,  sucrose  in  Hernial  juice. 

'""per  cent,  glucose  in  normal  juice. 
6= per  cent  glucose  in  diffusion  j nice. 

The  calculations  by  this  formula,  are  simpler  than  by  (l) 
or  (3). 

[Baaed  od  Prof.  W. C.  Stnbb'a  general  formula  for  sngar-houee  work.] 

(3)  sucrose  inverted  percent,  diffusion  juice, 
a = sucrose  per  nnil  of  diffusion  j  nice. 

&= glucose  per  anil  of  diffusion  juice. 
o= sucrose  per  unit  of  normal  juice. 
ti=glucose  per  nnil  of  normal  juice. 

9t500(6o-<Kf) 
,r~    LOO0+90d 


35 

Table  II  shows  the  inversion  for  each  day  of  the  season,  also  the 
character  of  the  work  for  the  corresponding  periods.  This  table  is 
given  especially  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the  various  sources  of  in- 
version. In  many  instances  the  inversion  is  so  little  that  a  reasonable 
doubt  may  be  entertained  as  to  whether  it  has  actually  taken  place, 
since  a  small  error  in  sampling  or  in  the  analysis  might  result  in  a  cor- 
responding false  indication  of  inversion. 

TABLE  II.—  Showing  the  character  of  the  work  for  each  day  of  the  season,  the  percentage 
of  inversion,  and  the  loss  of  sucrose  from  this  source. 

[Mean  inversion  per  ton  of  cane  =  1.12  pounds  sucrose.] 


Date. 

No. 

1888. 

Dec.   1 

Jl 

Dee.   l 

12 

Dec.   2 

'3 

Dec.   2 

>4 

Deo.   3 

■5 

Dec.   3 

>0 

Dec    :: 

'7 

Dec.   4 

'8 

Dec.    i 

9 

Deo.    1 

10 

Die.    5 

11 

Dec.    (1 

12 

Dec    t; 

13 

Dec  <; 

14 

Deci  7 

l.-> 

Dec.     s 

10 

Dec.     S 

17 

Deo.   :i 

18 

Dec.  in 

19 

Deo.  11 

20 

Deo.  il 

21 

Dec.  12 

23 

D«  .  1  : 

24 

Dec  i:t 

26 

Deo.  13 

n.-.    il 

27 

Dec  I-"- 

28 

Dee.  16 

Notes  on  the  character  of  the  work. 


Work  regular ;  lime  in  cells 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Work  stopx>ed  six  hoars;  lime  in 

cells. 

Work  regular;  lime  in  cells 

do 

Numerous  delays,  tine  to  cutter, 
etc.  ;  lime  in  cells. 

Work  regular;  Lime  in  cells 

do 

do 

Woik  irregular;  lime  in  cells  

W'oi  b  regalar ;  lime  in  cells 

do 

Work  Irregnlar;  stopped  i  wo  hoar  8; 

no  lime  in  cells. 

W<>:  k  regalar  ;  no  li in  cells  ... 

do 

Work  irregular  ;   no  lime  in  cells  . 

w<ok   [rregnlar;  frequent  stops; 

Ilo  lime  in  cells. 
Work  regular;    no  lime  in  cells  ... 
W,.i  |  rapid  :    no  lime  in  cells 


A  3 

bog 

.=  £ 
S3 


2uZ 


W..I  k  regalar;  no  lime  in  celli 
do 


Per  ct. 
.42 
.42 
.43 
.43 
.40 
.20 
.34 
.39 

.47 
.30 
.42 

.38 
.31 
.39 
.39 
.41 
.30 
.42 

.42 
.3(t 
.G7 

.  10 

.  II 

a 

.  ir. 

.co 
.  11 


a  £  c  a 

•g  =.~  '-> 
~  ^1  a 

iisf! 


Per  cent. 
.440 
.374 
.384 
.384 
.305 
.300 
.  354 
.293 

.  390 

.412 

.312 

.412 
.373 
.  894 

.419 
.  323 
.385 

.  426 

.  327 
.  529 

.457 

,418 

i   i 


>  ■a* 

t  u& 


Per  ct. 


044 
.044 

044 
.033 


,092 


.  103 


035 

,033 


.  134 


154 


Pounds. 

184,  793 
170,473 
175,234 

175,  523 
191,677 

54,  509 
56,  375 

119,214 

71'.  206 

81,  127 

25i),  576 

86,  565 

54,  907 

269,358 
96,373 

229,  368 
312,957 

807,731 
197,769 

92,  570 

215,087 

113,261 
119,715 
U9,297 
110,018 

178,053 


.=  it 


rounds. 


75.  9 
77.  1 
77.  2 


109.7 

54.9 

258.  1 


80.8 
103.3 


124.  1 


221.5 


1  Lime  used  iii  .1  illusion  battery,  to  neutrality,  Pot  the  pw  pose  of  olarifloation, Deoember  llo 8  lnolu< 
Hive. 
1  Water  pump  stopped,  eells  overheated, 


36 


Table  II. 


-Shoicina  tJie  character  of  the  work  for  each  day  of  the  season,  tlie  percentage 
of  inversion,  and  the  loss  of  sucrose  from  this  source — Continued. 


Date. 

No. 

3  on  the  character  of  the  work. 

a  -~ 

0   ~ 

t.E 
t 

*  c-  c 

5  &-^ 

fill 

~—  -  ■  Z 
-  _  r  *~  ' 

HI 

Z     _    £ 

-—I. 

.-_    - 

I     I* 

-  £.— 

h 
E 
Pi 

O 

si 

.£  r. 

i 

i 

§■-• 

p 

-I 

—  - 

■-~i 

■     S     -r" 

»j3  « 

, 

O 

3 

Cfl 

Q 

GO. 

1888. 

1 

Per  efc 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Dec  16 

30 

Work  regular;  no  line  in  cells 

do 

Numerous  delays ;  nu  lime  in  cells 

.60 

770 

305, 162 
176,534 

Dec.  17 
Dec.  18 

31 

.     .55 

.600 
.391 

.51 

.118 

199.  5 

Dee.  18 

33 

do 

.47 

.400 

.061 

102.  8 

Decl9 

34 

Woi  k  regular :  no  lime  in  cells  . . . 

.49 

.440 

.047 

71.9 

I><  1-  19 

- 

do     .. 

.48 

4-4 

L86, 181 
154,  165 
151,  077 

Dec  20 
Dec  20 

'36 
'37 
38 

do 

.42 

.47 

.  347 
.  422 
.429 

.069 
.093 

128.5 
143.4 

do , 

Work    very  slow    and  irregular, 

due   to   foul   condition    of  quad- 

ruple effed  :  no  lime  in  cells. 

Dec. 23? 

Work   very,  irregular;  UO  limo   in 

]     .50 

.  17_' 

.  027 

462,  723 

108.7 

Dec24J 

cells. 

Dec. '.'"/ 
Dec.  26) 

40 

Work  regular;  lime  in  cells 

.51 

.511 

348,  071 

Dec  27 
Dec.  27 
D«    28 

41 
42 

do  .. 

.51 
.47 
.00 

.  525 
.4  75 
.603 



185,691 

180,003 
120,331 

do 



Work  irregular;  lime  in  cells 

Deo.  28 

44 

Work  regular;  lime  in  cells 

.59 

.  516 

.  070 

120,  472 

91.5 

Dec.  28 
Dec  28 

45 
40 

do 

.  58 
.60 

.552 
.  528 

.627 

128,682 

113,524 

88.4 

77.2 

Work  irregular;  lime  in  cells 

47 

Work  regular :  no  lime  in  cells 

.72 

.545 

.166 

116,586 

193.  5 

Dec  29 

48 

49 

do 

.70 

.70 

.  167 

.409 

.221 
.219 

113,577 

251.0 
416.8 

Stopped  three  hours  on  account  of 

broken  belt  and  trouble  with  cut- 

ter; no  lime  in  cells. 

50 

Work  regular  ;  no  lime  in  cells 

.71 

.478 

.220 

179,848 

DecSl 

'I 

do 

.67 

.  55 

.  529 
.  505 

.184 

.043 

178,916 
177,916 

76. 1 

Work  regular ;  lime  in  cells 

Jan.    i 

do 

.06 

.6441 

.  010 

4.8 

Jan.  2 

M 

do 

.45 

.  163 

159,  165 

•I. m     2 
Jan.  8 

.Ian.    8 
.l:m.    1 

57 

do 

.47 

.57 
..-.7 

.419 

.  579 

.141 

1  0,  003 
132,  158 

l.:j.  128 

186.8 

do 

do 

Work  stopped  sis  hours  January 

.7.". 

.  291 

96,  096 

3  ;    lime  ill  cells. 

Jan.  4 

Work  ver>  .-dow  ;  delays  caused  bj 
(rouble  m  Ufa  tbe  engine  :  lime  in 

.ells. 

.78 

.  161 

.Ian.     ". 

\\'oi  k  regular  .  lime  in  cells 

.691 

160,802 

.I.i  n      5 

Jan.   8 
Jan.   8 

Jan    7 

01 
63 

do 

.!,.                        

.:.! 

.  587 

4.  1 

do 

.  822 

do 

• 

.  836 

1  Lime  used  in  diffusion  batterj    to  neutrality,  for  the  purpose  of  clarification,  Dcoembei  i  lo8,  Inolu. 

I  ,i  k  stopp.  d  six  DOW  -       A  pom f  this  juice  I  .nned  forward  to  .Ianuar.\  8,  aniih 


37 

Table  II. — Showing  the  character  of  the  work  for  each  day  of  the  season,  tlic  percentage 

of  inversion,  and  the  loss  of  sucrose  from  this  source — Continued. 


Date. 

No. 

Notes  on  the  character  of  the  work. 

c  9 
1.x. 

mS 

£-— 

"i  — 

•B 

i.S 

Sg-2 

- 

•  1 !  arose  (reducing  su- 
gars) that  would  be 
prssa  r.t  in  diffusion 
juice  had  there  been 

no  inversion. 

•  »| 

s>  —  o 

•IS 

-   -   - 
OQ 

© 

a  3 

.=  - 

r. 

a 
P 

_  a 

Z  r 

z  ~ 
>  - 

-  -  -. 

GO 

1888. 
Jau.    8 
Jan.    8 
Jan.    !) 
Jan.    '.) 
Jan.  10 
Jan.  10 
Jan.  11 
Jan.  11 
Jan.  12 
Jan.  12 
Jan.  135 
Jan.  14^ 

65 

66 
C7 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 

75 

AVork  regular;  lime  in  cells 

...do             

Per  ct. 
.45 
.39 
.41 
.38 
.34 
.43 
.38 
.38 
.37 
.42 

.40 

Per  cent. 
.263 
.309 
.321 
.330 
.317 
.275 
.329 
.330 
.345 
.356 

.354 

Per  ct. 
.178 
.077 
.084 
.047 
.022 
.147 
.048 
.047 
.024 
.061 

.044 

Pounds. 
144, 870 
145, 156 
162, 168 
164,  613 

167,  563 

168,  304 
187,715 
187,473 
155,  628 
158,704 

492,  098 

Pounds. 
257.  D 

111.8 
136.  2 
77.4 
36.9 
247.4 
90.1 
88.1 
37.3 
96.8 

216.5 

....do               --. 

(lO 

do 

(lO 

do 

do 

...do 

do 

do 

.48 

.055 

Tota 

1 

12, 803,  464 

6,  701.  8 

We  may  notice  from  this  table  that,  when  working  regularly  with 
lime  in  the  eelis  for  clarification,  the  inversion  was  either  very  small  or 
there  was  DO  loss  from  this  source;  we  may  also  notice  no  loss  from 
inversion  when  the  work  was  regular  and  no  lime  used  in  the  cells. 
The  greatest  inversion  was  during  irregular  work  or  complete  stop- 
pages. I  can  not  account  for  the  inversion  the  last  few  days  of  the  sea- 
son,  unless  it  is  due  to  the  action  of  the  freeze  of  December  l'(). 

We  may  conclude,  from  an  inspection  of  this  table,  that  when  the 
work  is  regular  the  danger  of  loss  from  inversion  is  very  small.  It  is 
well,  especially  when  tliere  is  danger  of  delays  and  consequent  irregular 
work,  to  add  a  small  amount  of  lime  to  each  cell  of  chips.  The  lime 
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l>y  the  incoming  current  of  juice. 


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53 


Table  VI.-»  Showing  the  mean  composition  of  fourth  masaeeuites. 


Sucrose, 

direct  polar- 
ization. 

Sucrose, 
double  polar- 
ization 

Glucose. 

Per  cent. 

44.45 

Per  cent. 
48.79 

Per  cent. 
17.45 

Table 

VII. — Showing  the  mean  composition  of  molasses  from  fourth  sugars. 

Di  ?re< 
Brix. 

Degree 
Baume. 

Sucrose, 
direct  polar- 
ization. 

Sucrose, 

double  polar- 
ization. 

Glucose. 

Coefficient 
of  purity 
uhit  el  polar- 
ization). 

Coefficient 
of  pnrity 
(double  polar- 
ization). 

79.  5 

42.0 

1'er  cent. 
30.00 

Per  cent. 
:;:;.  93 

Per  cent. 

17.0 

37.93 

42.  08 

TABLE   VIII. — Showing  the  mean  composition  of  tin-  sugars  (130  analyses). 


Grade.                         Sucrose. 

Glucose. 

Remarks. 

First  sugar1  (white) 

Firsi  BUgar3  (yellow  C) 

Per  cent. 
97.  94 
96.00 
97*60 

'  98.40 

89.  75 
84.  60 

Per  cent. 

6  strikes  '■  wagon"  from  fermented  sirup. 
Mean  composition  of  all  Brat  sugars. 

2.28 
3.  33 

1  All  the  sugars  were  boiled  in  a  low  pressure  pan  (7\  pounds  back  pressure).     The  tiisi   sugars  were 

illy  .snii.  being  boiled  in  a  very  high  vacuum,  and  often  polarized  as  low  as 96  to 97  degrees. 

2  During  early  part  of  the  season,  on  mill  work,  the  second  sugars  were  grained  directly  from  the 
molasses  from  iiist  Bugars,  but  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  campaign  a  small  nuoleus  of  Bret 
masBecuite  was  left  in  the  pan. 

■Owing  to  the  exceptionally  high  grade  of  first  and  second  sugars  the  fourth  maseeouites  were  very 
rich,  and  j  ielded  a  Large  propori  ion  of  fourth  sugar. 

TABLE  IX.  —  Crop  report-  diffusion  work. 


Period. 

Cllle 

worked. 

Weight  of  BUgar  per  ton  of  cane. 

Total 

weight  of 
sugar. 

Total 

BUgar 

per  ton 
of  cane. 

First 
sugar 

(\\  llite). 

ond 
BUgar  (yel- 
low '  1 

Second 

BUgar 
(wag 

Third 

BUgar 

i  w  agon  I 

Fourth 

BUgar 

(wagon). 

Third  inn1  .. 
Fourth  run  . . 
Fifth  run  — 

Total 

Tons. 
1,079.6 
1,790 

111.21 

84.98 

76  l1'. 

Pounds. 

6.60 

29.37 

39.  50 
87.50 

Pounds. 

20.  (io 

Pound*. 
230,  189 

■t3i,:ir.«) 

Pounds. 
213.23 

•_'4().  1 1 
LM4.45 

5,  940.  5 

1,31*.  K08 

••  <>:< 

36.  <•>:: 

30.00 

222.  (mi 

1  The  third  "run"  contains  six  striked  of  flrst  Bugars  which  were  grained  in  wagons  during  tr 
in  bone-black  room,  due  to  fermentation,  etc 

balf  of  this  in     i  was  estimated  from  the  half  swung  out.     Fourt  ha  are  divided  between 
pig  and  diffusion  In  proportion  to  the  yield  of  the  other  auga 

/,'•    unit',  shotting  yield  of  sugar*. 

Total  sugar per  cent.  oane. . 

First  sugar  (white) do 

Second  nugai  (yello  rained  In  vaouum  pan do 

Second  sugar  grained  in  wagons ,!, 

Third  sugar  grained  In  wagons do  

Fourth  sugar  grained  in  wagous do 


ouble 
will 


11.  Ki 

10 

1.00 


54 


Tables  III,  IV,  and  V,  showing-  diffusion  work  by  "runs,"  are  in  a 
large  measure  self-explanatory.  The  "run"  numbers  are  continued 
from  those  of  the  mill-work  which  preceded  diffusion.  During  the  third 
run  numerous  experiments  were  made  to  determine  the  best  method  of 
conducting  the  battery  work.  The  thickness  of  the  chips  soon  neces- 
sitated work  at  high  temperatures  and  compelled  me  to  abandon  further 
experiments.  The  irregularities  in  the  amount  of  juice  drawn  and 
other  irregularities  are  largely  due  to  the  experimental  nature  of  the 
work  of  this  "  run." 

The  yield  of  sugar  in  proportion  to  the  sucrose  present  was  larger 
in  subsequent  "runs."  This  is  partly  due,  in  addition  to  richer  cane, 
and  in  the  fourth  "run"  abetter  extraction,  to  losses  resulting  from 
fermentation  of  the  sirups.  This  fermentation  was  due  to  two  causes. 
The  failure  of  the  vacuum-pan  traps  to  operate  satisfactorily  prolonged 
the  boiling  from  ten  to  twelve  hours,  five  hours  usually  being  sufficient 
time  in  which  to  boil  a  strike.  This  caused  an  accumulation  of  sirup 
in  the  storage  tanks.  At  this  time  a  supply  of  new  bone-black  was 
substituted  for  the  char  which  had  been  in  use  many  years.  The  sugar- 
maker  never  having  had  experience  in  the  use  of  new  bone-black  was 
unprepared  for  the  difficulties  in  its  use.  Tn  his  justification  it  should 
be  stated  that  his  lack  of  experience  in  the  use  of  char  was  well  known 
to  ( Governor  Warinoth.  The  writer  was  also  inexperienced  in  the  manip- 
ulation of  chars  except  in  beet-sugar  work  and  in  the  manufacture  at 
Magnolia. 

The  facilities  for  washing  bone-black  at  Magnolia  are  very  crude  j 
hence  the  char  was  sent  to  the  filters  badly  washed.  On  the  admission 
of  the  hot  sirup  to  the  filters  dense  volumes  of  ammonia  tilled  the  room. 
The.  sirups  so  filtered  fermented  with  extreme  rapidity,  entire  tanks  of 
sirup  showing  a  viscous  fermentation  in  two  or  three  hours.  It  was 
often  impossible  to  centrifugal  sugars  grained  in  the  pan,  from  these 

Sirups;  hence  several  strikes  were  boiled  to  string  proof  and  sent  to  the 
hot  room.  This  fermentation  and  the  consequent  difficulties  in  manu- 
facture undoubtedly  caused  a  large  loss  of  sugar.  The  following  com- 
parison of  the  yield  for  the  three  diffusion  "runs"  indicates  the  extent 
ol*  this  loss : 

ivaildble  Buorose.    (Suorote  minus  ii  timetgluoot 


Kim  Dumber. 

Available  ra< 

Field  • 

a  reliable  sucrose 
obtained  In  BUgara. 

'i  bird 

280.  h 

Lb*,  //.  /  t,m  oj  cant. 
228.  7:; 

M.01 

i  ..in  i h      

i  ,tii. 

1  The  available  cured  on  the  diffusion  Ja 

The  degree  of  extraction  was  practically  the  same  in  the  third  and 
ftfth  ''i'iiiis;"  the  cane  was  considerably  belter  in  the  third,  the  glucose 


55 

per  cent,  sucrose  being,  respectively,  3.40  and  4.17.  The  necessity  of  ap- 
portioning the  fourth  sugars  equally  among  the  diffusion  unuis"  probably 
gives  the  third  "  run"  a  better  record  than  it  should  have.  The  difficulty 
in  estimating  this  loss  emphasizes  the  necessity  of  facilities  for  keeping 
the  products  from  each  "run"  separate,  if  one  desires  a  thorough 
chemical  control. 

Owing-  to  the  molasses  from  the  entire  season's  work  beiug  mixed  in 
the  cisterns,  and  several  losses  known  to  have  taken  place,  but  which 
could  not  be  determined,  the  inversion  cannot  be  calculated  for  this  or 
the  other  u  runs." 

There  is  nothing  exceptional  in  the  results  of  the  fourth  and  fifth 
"runs."  The  lower  proportionate  yield  in  the  fifth  "run"  is  probably 
due  to  the  methods  of  manufacture. 

COAL    CONSUMPTION. 

The  value  of  the  figures  on  the  consumption  of  fuel  is  very  much 
lessened  by  the  adverse  conditions  under  which  steam  was  generated 
in  the  bagasse  boilers.  The  bagasse  chute  was  arched  over  with  brick, 
and  coal  was  used  for  firing.  It  is  evident  that  economical  steaming 
was  out  of  the  question  under  these  conditions. 

The  bagasse  burner  was  built  under  the  Fiske  patents.  The  boilers 
are  cylindrical.  In  the  rest  of  the  steam  plant  the  boilers  are  of  the 
double-flue  type,  designed  for  burning  coal. 

The  figures  given  on  coal  consumption  are  not  designed  as  an  exhibit 
of  economical  management,  but  arc  .simply  a  statement  of  actual  work. 

The  total  coal  consumption  for  the  diffusion  work  was  2, 074, 585 
pounds.     This  includes  all  the  coal  used,  except  in  bone-black  room. 

The  fuel  burned  in  swinging  out  sugars  after  the  close  of  the  season 

is  divided  between  the  mill  and  the  diffusion  work  in  proportion  to  the 

yield  of  Sugar.     The  only  basis  for  estimating  the  coal  Consumption  for 

each  "run"  is  the  relative  actual  dilution. 

Ii'rsiimr  showing  tin:  <<><il  <  oiisii  in  jttinn   lor  tlte  MOM*  OndfOT  MMlK   "rim.'' 


Perfbd 

Coal  oonsamed  !>•  r 
oandfl  -Hi.. n . 

'I  in' 

III          •  llll         ... 

■ 

1,942 

2w. ' 

.  on 

In  examining  the  coal  statement  reference  should  be  made  to  Table 
11,  in  which  the  comparative  regularity  of  the  sugar-house  work  is 
shown.    In  general  it  is  safe  to  estimate  verj  nearly  ac  Fuel  oon« 


56 

sumption  doling  irregular  work  a*  when  the  house  is  working  to  its  full 
average  rapacity.     Since  the  introduction  of  diffusion  at  Magnolia  the 

coal  bills  have  been  more  than  doubled.  Taking-  into  account  the 
numerous  delays  and  the  failure  of  the  cutter  to  furnish  sufficiently  thin 
chips  for  work  at  a  low  dilution,  a  lower  consumption  of  coal  could  hardly 
have  been  reasonably  anticipated. 

It  is  hoped  that  a  fair  test  of  the  increased  consumption  of  coal  can 
1m-  made  next  season.  An  entirely  new  steam  plant  and  the  Hughes 
system  of  preparing  the  cane  for  the  battery  will  be  in  use  at  that  time. 

It  is  conservative  to  estimate  a  coal  consumption  of  from  1,200  to 
1,400  pounds  per  1,000  pounds  of  sugar  as  sufficient  under  favorable 
conditions.  In  this  estimate  no  account  is  taken  of  the  exhausted  chips, 
which  ought  to  furnish  a  large  proportion  of  the  fuel. 

THE   MILLING   OF   EXHAUSTED   CHIPS. 

On  page  1*4  attention  is  called  to  the  probable  effect  of  high  tempera- 
tures <>n  the  cane,  especially  in  regard  to  the  subsequent  milling  of  the 

exhausted  chips.  In  1887  the  milling  experiment  was  practically  a  fail- 
ure, whereas  the  past  season  on  the  contrary  it  was  successful.  No  spe- 
cial adjustment  of  the  mill  was  made  for  the  experiments  in  either  case. 
These  experiments  are  discussed  at  the  reference  cited. 

In  the  experiment  the  past  season  the  following  percentages  of  water 
were  left  in  average  samples  from  each  mill : 

(1)  Chips  from  three-roller  mill  retained  t',n.-.">  per  cm.  water. 
I .'hiii-  from  live-roller  mill  retained  52.66  pel  e.-nt.  water. 

The  chips  burned1  freely  ;  those  from  the  three-roller  mill  would  prob- 
ably have  burned  fairly  well,  but  no  test  could  be  made. 

I  believe  the  milling  and  burning  of  the  chips  is  a  less  difficult  prob. 
lem  than  it  is  usually  considered.  It  would  certainly  be  much  more 
economical  than  the  present  practice  at  Magnolia  of  dumping  them  into 
the  Mississippi  River. 

DfOREASE  Of  THE  EVAPORATION  IN  THE  DIFFUSION  PROCESS    LS  COM- 
PARED Willi  KILLING. 

In  comparing  the  figures  on  coal  consumption  manufacturers  should 
not  neglect  to  note  the  exceptional  richness  of  the  juice,  and,  further, 
that  in  the  evaporation  at  Magnolia- Plantation  a  quadruple  effect,  Yur- 
> an  system,  Is  employed. 

The  following  table  shows  the  relative  quantities  of  water  to  be  evapo- 

d  in  mill  and  diffusion  work.    I  have  taken  the  data  from  Table  I II, 

since  the  third  -'luir'  is  approximately  an  average  <>f  'he season's  work. 
The  estimation  of  the  mill  year  is  arbitrary,  ami  is  based  on  the  pre- 
vious work  and  the  total  juice  in  the  cane. 

ption  of  the  Flake  bagaeac  burner  eee  Bulletin  11.  page  6. 


57 

Evaporation  in  diffusion  work  as  per  Table  III  compared  with  thai  oj  72psr  cent,  milling. 


Mill  work. 
Total  evaporation. 

Diffusion  work. 

Evaporation 
due  to  the  dilu- 
tion. 

Evaporation         «.  t  .     _____     .         Increase 
due  to  increased      lotal  £*               over  72  per  cent, 
extraction.                                                milling. 

Lbs.  water  per  ton 
cane. 
1, 195.  7 

Lbs.  water  per  ton  Lbs.  water  per  ton    Lb*.v:ater. 
cane.                         cane.                         cane. 
481.7                          193.1                       1.870.5 

Per  cent. 
5G.  4 

The  above  shows  an  actual  increase  in  the  coal  consumption  for  evap- 
oration of  over  56  per  cent.,  assuming  that  the  entire  fuel  supply  is  ob- 
tained from  coal.  In  addition  to  this  increase  there  are  still  others  due 
to  a  larger  product  to  centrifugal  and  to  the  greater  surface  exposed  for 
radiation.  The  increased  evaporation  in  quadruple  should  not  require, 
with  good  boilers  well  tired,  more  than  175  pounds  additional  coal  per 
1,000  pounds  sugar. 

According  to  IIorsm-Deon  the  best  equipped  beet  sugar  houses,  em- 
ploying quadruple  effects,  etc.,  burn  4.23  kilograms  of  coal  per  hecto- 
liter of  juice;  comparing  this  with  the  Magnolia  work,. basing  the  fig- 
nres  on  the  same  dilution,  we  have  100  pounds  coal  consumed  per 
average  of  4T7  pounds,  in  the  cane-sugar  house.  Even  the  Austrian 
bouses  in  their  best  work,  where  nearly  twice  as  much  diffusion  juice  is 
drawn  per  hundred  pounds  of  beets  as  was  drawn  from  the  cane  at  Mag- 
nolia, burn  only  180  pounds  per  2,000  pounds  of  beets.  These  bouses 
employ  quadruple  effect  evaporation,  with  all  Rillieux's  improvements. 
The  large  fuel  consumption  at  Magnolia  can  not  be  charged  to  the 
Yaryan  apparatus  or  to  the  vacuum  pan.  Repeated  tests  have  demon- 
strated the  high  efficiency  of  the  Yaryan.  The  vacuum  strike  pan  is 
of  the  low-pressure  type  and  of  the  best  modern  construction.  Bearing 
these  facts  in  view,  we  must  look  to  other  sources  for  Magnolia's 
excessive  fuel  consumption.  One  source  is  no  doubt  the  use  of  coal 
under  boilers  designed  for  an  entirely  different  class  of  fuel.  The  fuel 
burned  under  the  coal  boilers,  as  estimated  by  several  experts,  was 
approximately  l  pound  per  <;  pounds  of  water  evaporated.    There  was 

probably  a  large  increase  due  to  the  wastage  of  the  waters  of  conden- 
sation from  the  battery  heaters.    The  beet-bonses  cited  <i<>  not  employ 

bone-black,  hence  the  fuel  consumed  in  preparing  the  Liquors  for  filtra- 
tion, etc.,  should  be  deducted  in  this  comparison. 

In  the  heet-sugar-housc  work  all  the  evaporation  and  heating  of  juices 
and  sirups  etc.,  ia  in  multiple  effect.  This  is  accomplished  by  the  im- 
proved methods  <»t  Rillieux.  All  such  work  at  Magnolia  is  in  single- 
effect  except  the  evaporation. 

All  the  available  data  in  diffusion  work  indicate  that  with  vcr\  best 
modern  appliances  the  fuel  consumption  need  not  exceed  100  pounds  of 
coal  per  ton  of  cane  or  500  pounds  per  1,000  pounds  ol   BUgar,     1  am 


58 

aware  that  this  is  as  low  a  coal  consumption  as  is  obtained  in  our  best 
cane  houses,  economizing  the  wet  bagasse  directly  in  their  furnaces, 
but,  if  the  Germans  and  Austrians  can  work  with  this  high  degree  of 

economy,  can  not  the  American  do  so  as  well  I  I  believe  the  day  is  not 
distant  when  coal  will  be  only  required  as  an  auxiliary  in  tiring  after 
Stoppages,  the  exhausted  chips  furnishing  the  fuel  required. 

Planters  estimating  on  diffusion  and  intending  to  use  the  evaporating 
appliances  already  in  place  for  milling  must  not  neglect  to  note  that 
they  will  be  compelled  to  work  less  cane  per  day,  to  compensate  for  the 
increased  evaporation  and  extraction.  In  other  words,  they  must  en- 
large the  capacity  of  their  houses  in  proportion  to  the  increased  yield 
and  dilution. 

In  case  the  chips  are  not  burned,  at  least  two  and  one-half  times  as 
much  coal  must  be  provided  for  diffusion  as  would  be  for  milling,  where 
in  the  latter  case  the  bagasse  is  employed  as  fuel. 

SUMMARY. 

The  results  of  the  diffusion  work,  though  unsatisfactory  in  some 
respects,  thoroughly  demonstrate  the  practical  manufacturing  value  o\^ 
the  process  as  applied  to  sugar-cane.  The  cane  will  submit  to  rougher 
treatment  in  the  diffusion  battery  than  the  beet,  and  consequently  the. 
manipulations  .are  simpler.  This  very  property  of  the  cane  often 
tempts  the  battery-men  to  careless  work,  resulting  in  loss  to  the  planter. 
Every  possible  precaution  should  be  taken  to  secure  regularity  of  work. 
It  should  be  remembered  that  the  battery-man  is  placed  in  a  responsi- 
ble position,  and  he  should  be  remunerated  accordingly. 

Delays  incident  to  the  diffusion  battery  were  of  rare  occurence.  With 
satisfactory  cutters,  there  is  very  little  probabilty  of  delays  except  from 
bad  weather. 

The  results  of  this  season's  work  indicate  the  possibilities  of  diffusion 
and  justify  a  rapid  introduction  of  the  process. 


MANUFACTURING  DATA, 


MILL  ^Y()MK. 


As  stated  at  the  beginning  of  this  report,  mil]  work  has  unfortunately 

complicated  the  crop  data  to  such  an  extent,  that  it  is  impossible  to 
make  a  separate  statement  of  either  the  mill  or  diffusion  work  of  the 
early  part  of  the  season.  No  data  of  value  could  be  obtained  of  the  mill 
extraction.  An  automatic  juice  weigher1  was  ordered,  but  reached  the 
plantation  after  diffusion  work  had  commenced.  This  apparatus  was 
afterwards  tested,  and  after  slight  alterations  worked  satisfactorily.  In 
consequence  of  the  failure  to  determine  the  quantity  of  juice  extracted 
by  the  mill,  I  shall  only  give  general  analytical  and  manufacturing  data 
in  the  accompanying  tables. 

The  milling  was  apparently  as  good  as  in  past  seasons,  but  owing  to 
the  exceptionally  high  proportion  of  woody  fiber,  the  yield  of  juice  was 
probably  considerably  lower. 


Table  X.  —  Composition  of  raw  juices. 
[Samples  were  takes  at  Sa.  m.  and 4  p.  m.;  also  once  .it  l  p.  in. ) 


Date. 

\o 

Brix. 

o 

Specific 
gravity. 

Sucrose. 

K<  (lacing 

ire. 
(gltw 

Coefficient 
of  purity. 

0 

/•■  r 

ta 

1 

1.-  1 

10.  II 

1.07  IS 

10.2 

1.  19 

Nov. 

1a 

•J 

L&  1 

10. 0 

1.0748 

10.2 

1.13 

Nov. 

i:; 

.1 

17.7 

15,5 

1.  11 

13 

1 

17.  - 

15. 5 

Nov. 

ll 

17.  8 

!■  :i 

L5.5 

l.(i:. 

13 

0 

17.7 

Mot. 

IS 

7 

17.7 

i.  or  to 

it. 

17.  J 

1.0700 

\,.v. 

in 

:• 

\u\. 

17 

LO 

17.:: 

:•.  6 

1.0718 

l »  2 

. 

in.  are  from  the  ol«l  calculal  n  I    anal." 


1  Monarch  Automa!  Lo  4  (rain  Plaid  >■  oie  I  ouipauy,  •'•'•  Longwortb  Btreet,  Cincinnati. 

Ohio. 

D0 


60 


Table  X. — Composition  oframjmioes    Continued. 


Date. 

No. 

Brix. 

Bauuie.1 

• 

Specific 

gravity. 

Sui  tosl'. 

Reducing 

-  igars, 
(glu< 
etc.) 

Coefficient 
of  parity. 

o 

o 

. 

J'  r 

Xuv.   17 

11 

17.3 

9.0 

1.0713 

14.0 

.12 

84,  4 

Nov.  is 

12 

r.2 

9.5 

1.0709 

14.0 

.55 

84.8 

Nov.   IS 

13 

17.4 

9.6 

1.0717 

15.0 

. ;.:; 

86.2 

Nov.   19 

14 

17.9 

9.9 

1,0739 

15.6 

.42 

87.1 

Nov.  20 

15 

17.7 

9.8 

1.0730 

15.0 

.47 

88.1 

Nov.  20 

16 

17.7 

9.8 

1.  0730 

15.0 

.41 

88.1 

Nov.  20 
Nor.  -l 

17 
18 

17.7 
17.3 

9.8 
9.0 

1.0730 
1.0713 

15.7 
15.1 

-.7 
87.2 

.60 

Nov.  21 

19 

17.  3 

0.0 

1.0713 

15.1 

.50 

87.2 

Nov.  22 

28 

17.1 

9.5 

1.0704 

14.9 

.64 

87.1 

Nov.  22 

21 

17.2 

9.  5 

1.0709 

15.8 

.46 

91.8 

Nov.  2.', 

22 

19,  3 

10.7 

1.0801 

10.4 

.50 

84.4 

Nov.  23 
Nov.   24 

23 

24 

16.9 
17.  5 

9.4 
9.7 

L0885 

1. 0722 

14.4 
I.".  9 

85.2 
90.8 

.46 

Nov.  25 

25 

17.0 

0.4 

1.  0700 

14.8 

87.1 

20 

18.0 

10.0 

1.  0744 

If,,  l 

.44 

01.  1 

Nov.  20 

27 

17.1 

9.5 

1.07(14 

15.1 

.42 

.^8  :; 

Nov.  27 

28 

18.9 

10.5 

1.078.S 

10.0 

..".7 

87.8 

Nov.  28 

29 

17.4 

9.0 

1.0717 

14.9 

.46 

Nov.  28 

30 

17.0 

9.4 

1.0700 

L4.8 

.  11 

Nov.  2!) 

31 

10.6 

9.2 

1.0082 

14.4 

M  1 

Nov.  29 

32 

16.9 

9.4 

1.  0895 

1 ."».  0 

Nov.  29 

33 

10.8 

9.3 

1.0691 

14.5 

.  11 

86.  :; 

Nov.  28 

34 

17.4 

9.  G 

1.0717 

if.. :; 

87  0 

Nov.  30 
Meai 

s 

18.8 

9.2 

L.0882 

14  i 

80.  7 

17.5 

9.7 

1.0722 

15.3 

.62 

S7.4 

1  Degrees  Banme  we  from  the  old  calculations  a-  given  in  "  Tucker's  Manual." 

Besume' showing  H"  mean  composition  of  raw  juices,  also  the  maxima  ami  minium,  Novem- 
ber L2  /"  :'>".  inclusive  (35  analyses). 


Specific  gravitj    

Bria  (per  tint,  tot  il  solids) . 

Degree  BatuDe1  

Baorose per  cent 

Reda<  mi:  sagai  -  (glucose,  etc)   do.  - 

■  Hi  of  purity 


M.aii-. 


1.0722 
17.5 

0.7 
15.3 
.  62 
87.4 


Maxima.         Minima 


1     OH.| 

19.8 

10.7 

1.  l:> 


lo.  8 

14.2 
.  11 

-      1 


■Degrees  Baume  are  from  the  old  calculations  as  given  in  "  Tuoker's  Manual.'' 

Analyses  of  clarified  juices,  simps,  etc,  were  also  made,  bul  arc  not 
published  on  acconul  of  being  rendered  practically  valueless  by  the 
luck  of  definite  data  in  regard  t<>  the  extraction. 

Prom  November  '•>  to  30,  Inclusive,  521.5  tons  of  cane  were  worked  by 
diffusion  and  2673  tons  by  the  mill.  It  is  impossible  i<>  separate  the  mill 
work  from  thai  of  the  diffusion  battery,  so  l  shall  only  stale  the  yield 
of  sugar  per  toil. 


61 

Tablk  XI. — The  yield  of  sugars1  per  ton  of  cane,  November  12  to  30,  1888. 

[First  run,  November  12  to  18  inclusive:  Cane  worked,  1.324.5  tons;  mill  work,  1.217  tons;  diffusion 

work,  107.5  tons.] 


Description. 

Yield         Sng*/  Per 
lie"a-        ton  of  cme. 

Poii, 

116,851 

63,  008 

26,  601 

15, 126 

Pounds. 
88.  22 
47.  57 
20.08 
11.42 

Second  sugar  (yellow  C) 

Total 

221,  58G            167.29 

'Second  run,  November  19  to  30  inclusive:  Cane  worked.  1,870  tons;  mill  work,  1,456  tons;  diffusion 

work.  414  tons  J 


First  sugar  (white) 

163,  5:j9 

88,814 

6, 833 

34,  295 

21,355 

87.46 
47.49 
3.12 
18.34 
11.42 

Second  sugar  (wagon) 

Fourth  sugar  (wagon) 

Total 

314,836 

167.84 

'For  average  analyses  of  sugar,  see  page  53. 


DISCUSSION   OF   TABLES  X  AND  XI. 

An  inspection  of  Table  X  will  show  that  the  juices  were  remarkably 
rich  the  past  season.  The  character  of  the  season  producing  exceed- 
ingly woody  cane  and  a  small  tonnage  will  account  for  this.  The  first 
few  analyses  show  a  high  percentage  of  glucose.  This  is  due  to  the 
deterioration  of  the  cane  left  on  the  yard  during  the  preliminary  work. 
The  delays  were  unusually  frequent  at  the  beginning  of  this  season, 
hence  considerable  cane  was  left  on  the  yard  for  several  days. 

The  percentage  of  available  sucrose,  based  upon  an  extraction  of  72 
per  cent.,  and  calculated  by  the  formula  per  cent,  sucrose  minus  one 
and  one-half  times  the  glucose  =  available  sucrose,  was  10.31.  The 
available  sucrose  in  pounds  per  ton  of  cane  =  206.2,  corresponding  to 
approximately  214  pounds  of  commercial  sugar.  The  actual  yield  of 
sugar  obtained  was  about  45  pounds  per  ton  Of  cane  less  than  this 
amount      Not  having   reliable  data  of  the  mill  work  it  is   impossible  to 

locate  the  responsibility  for  this  shortage.     It  is  fair  to  presume  that 

it  was  partly  due  to  a  lower  extraction  than  72  per  cent.,  but  this  alone 

will  not  account  for  the  shortage. 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  class  of  sugars  made  will  also  account  in 
pari   for  the  low  yield.     The  "firsts"  generally  graded  as  ••choice 

white."      In  order  to  obtain   this  grade  it  was   necessary  to  USC  a   Large 

quantity  <>t*  water  in  the  centrifugals.  The  "seconds"  were  grained  in 
the  pan.  The  molasses  from  "firsts"  were  diluted,  treated  witb  super- 
phosphate of  lime  and  alumina,  relimed  and  filtered  through  bone-black, 

Again,  considerable  water  was  required    to  he   used    in  the  centrifugals 


62 


in  order  to  obtain  a  high  grade  of  sugar.  The  u seconds"  polarized  as 
high  as  the  "'firsts,"  and  were  sold  at  about  the  same  price.  Owing  to 
the  fact  that  after  the  first  few  days  of  the  season  a  siuali  nucleus  of 
"firsts"  was  left  in  the  pan  for  the  formation  of  the  "seconds,"  these 
sugars  should  both  be  termed  ''firsts,"  and  the  "thirds"  and  "fourths" 
would  then  be  respectively  "seconds"  and  "thirds."  The  "thirds"  and 
"fourths"  were  boiled  to  string  proof  as  usual. 

In  making  these  grades  of  sugar,  necessitating  a  doable  filtration  of 
the  sirup,  double  the  loss  was  experienced  in  the  bone-black  room.  The 
loss  of  which  I  now  speak  is  that  due  to  the  absorption  of  sugar  by  the 
char  and  the  losses  in  the  waste  waters.  The  filters  at  Magnolia  are  of 
the  form  termed  Dumont  or  open  filters.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of 
properly  washing  the  char,  without  employing  a  very  large  quantity  of 
water,  the  waste  waters  contained  considerable  sugar,  as  the  following 
table  will  show: 

Table  XII. — Analyses  of  waste  waters  from  bone-black  room. 


Date. 

No. 

Sucrose. 

Per  cent. 

Nov.  21 

1 

2.82 

Nov.  22 

2 

.91 

Nov.  22 

3 

1.12 

Nov.  22 

4 

.44 

Nov.  23 

6 

.7.\ 

Nov.  24 

6 

.91 

These  analyses  show  an  enormous  loss  in  the  filter  room.  After  No- 
vember 24  orders  were  given  the  filternien  to  wash  their  filters  a  very 
considerably  longer  time  than  they  had  been  doing. 

Samples  were  frequently  brought  to  the  laboratory  for  examination, 
and  whenever  the  proportion  of  sucrose  exceeded  .60  the  washing  was 
continued.    It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  loss  from  this  source,  but 

it  was  certainly  very  large.  Under  the  conditions  at  Biagnolia  the 
past  season  it  was  impracticable  to  vary  the  mode  of  work  in  the  bone- 
black  room.  The  quantity  of  waste  water  was  variously  estimated  at 
from  L,000  to  1,600  gallons  per  twenty-four  hours;  this  would  indicate 
losses  ranging  from  less  than  100  to  Dearly  300  pounds  of  sugar  per  day. 
Or  from  .6  to  L.6  pounds   per  tOD  Of  Cane.      As  there  were   DO  means  of 

ascertaining  the  exact  ai d1  of  waste  water,  t  hese  figures  are  a  rough 

approximatioD  of  Little  value. 

THE   USE   OP  SUPERPHOSPHATES. 

I  have  frequently  objected  to  the  use  of  superphosphates  of  lime  and 
alumina,  but il  was  not  until  late  in  November  that  their  use  was  dis- 
continued.   These  superphosphates  usually  contain  an  excess  of  the 

sulphuric  acid  used  in    their   manufacture,  and    the  sto.de    at   Magnolia 

was  no  exception  to  the  rule,  it  is  difficult  to  And  apy  advantage  aris- 
ing from  the  use  of  these  superphosphates. 


63 


Magnolia  Plantation .     Crop  report,  1888. 

[First  run,  November  12  to  18.  inclusive:  Cane  worked,  1.324.5 
tons;  mill  work,  1.217  tons;  diffusion  work.  107..")  tons. J 


Description. 


Field. 


IT  per 
ton  of  cane, 


First  sugar  (white) 

Second  sugar  (yell 
Third  sugar  (wagon)  ... 
Fourth  sugar1  (wagon). 

Total 


Pounds. 
116,861 
63,008 
26,601 

15,126 


Pounds. 
88.22 
47.  57 
20.08 
11.42 


221,586 


107.  29 


[Second  run.  November  19  to  30,  inclusive:  Cane  worked,  1,870 
tons;  mill  work,  1,456  tons;  diffusion  work,  414  tons. J 


163,  539 

88,814 
6,833 

21,  355 

87.46 
47.49 
3.12 
18.34 
11.42 

Fourth  sugar '  (wagon) 

Total 

314,  836 

167.  S3 

[Third  run,   December  1  to  8,   inclusive:  Can.-  worked,  1.079.5 
tons;  diffusion  work.] 


120,  085 
56,  805 
31,705 
21,500 

111.24 
52.  62 
29.37 
20.00 

Fourth  sugar1  (wagon) 

Total 

230,  185 

213.23 

[Fourth  run,  December 0  to  22,  inclusive:  Cane  worked,  1,709  tons; 
diffusion  work. I 


160,002 
12,037 
71,050 

84.  98 

6.69 
39.50 
20.00 

Total 

431,050            240.11 

[Fifth  run,  December  23  to  January  14, 18t 
tons;  diffusion  work.] 


114,828 
61,240 

76.46 
20.  00 

Total 

f.5i  i,  664 

1  One-half  of  tbie  ited  from  the  half  Bwun 

Foil n  Im  are  divided  between  milling  and  diffusion  In  proportion 
to  the  j  leld  of  the  other  - 

Crop,  tots] pounds 

Crop,  a\  i  rage pounds  per  ton  of  cat  208.  l 

do 

Mill.avi do 

Diffusion,  Increase do m.  i 


INDEX. 


A. 

Page. 

Air,  accumulation  of,  in  the  diffusion  cells 12 

Arrangement  of  diffusion  batteries 11 

Automatic  register,  Eugeue  Langen 14 

Horsin-De'on 13 

sampler,  description  of 16 

Available  sucrose  in  diffusion  juices 54 

B. 

Battery  reports,  blank  form  for 18 

work,  check  on  the 17 

C. 

Calorisators,  dimensions  of 9 

Cane  Shredder,  the  National 9 

Cells  of  the  diffusion  battery,  dimensions  of 9 

Chip  chute,  the 10 

Clarification  in  the  diffusion  battery '21 

Clements.  Lieut.  A.  B.,  U.  S.  Navy,  formula  of 34 

Coal  consumption 55 

of,  in  beet  sugar  houses 57 

Compressed-air  pipes,  diameter  of 9 

Consumption  of  coal 55 

Cutter,  the 7 

Hughes 8 

D. 

Data,  general  analytical 26 

Difficulties  experienced  Id  the  preliminary  work 7 

Diffusion  batteries  and  their  arrangement,  genera]  remarks  on 11 

description  of 9 

battery,  elari liea t ion   in -Jl 

t'n st  operal tons  in  the  manipulation  of 19 

manipulation  of 19 

notes  on  the  use  of  lime  in  

working  temperature  of 

eell,  influence  of  the  dimensions  and  form  of 90 

machinery,  criticisms  on 10 

work 96 

available  suerose 

8824— No.  21 5 


66 

Page. 

Diffusion  work,  control  of 13 

general  remarks  on 19 

yield  of  sugars 53 

Dilution 25 

actual 25 

apparent 25 

Doors,  hydraulic  method  of  opening 11 

E. 

Evaporation,  comparison  of,  in  the  diffusion  and  milling  processes 56 

increase  in,  due  to  the  diffusion  process 56 

in  diffusion  work,  compared  with  that  in  72  per  cent,  milling  ...  57 

Example,  showing  calculation  of  inversion 33 

Exhausted  chips,  the  milling  of 56 

P. 

Fromentin,  Mr.,  experiments  of 22 

H. 

Heaters,  dimensions  of 9 

Hinze,  Mr.  Fred,  suggestions  of,  in  regard  to  clarification 21 

I. 

Inversion 32 

formulae  for 34 

J. 

Jennings,  O.  B.,  patent  of 22 

Juice,  automatic  determination  of  the  density  of 16 

sampling  of 16 

mains,  diameter  of 9 

L. 

Letters  of  transmi ttal 5 

M. 

Magnolia  hattery,  defects  in 10 

plantation,  crop  report  of,  season  of  1888 63 

Mains,  juice  and  water,  dimensions  of 9 

Manufacturing  data,  mill  work 59 

Milling  the  exhausted  chips,  remarks  on 24 

Mill  work,  manufacturing  data 59 

P. 

Prefatory  note 3 

B. 

Removal  of  exhausted  chips,  method  of 10 

Komi  m  6,  showing  coal  consumption  for  esch  diffusion  run' 66 

moan  composition  Of  raw  joiOM 80 

Desna  Of  manufacturing  data  tor  entire  season 68 

yield  of  sugars,  diffusion  work 53 


67 

s. 

Pa^e. 
Stubb8,  Dr.  W.  C,  successful  experiments  of,  in  clarification  at  Kenner,  La  ..         22 

Summary 58 

Superphosphates,  the  use  of 62 

T. 

Table  No.  1,  comparison  of  normal  and  diffusion  juices 27,28,29,30 

discussion  of 31 

No.  2,  character  of  work  for  each  day  of  season 35, 36, 37 

No.  3,  parts  1,  2,  and  3,  analytical  and  manufacturing  data,  third  run. 38,  39, 40 

re'suine'  of  analytical  and  manufacturing  da*  a 41 

No.  4,  parts  1,2,  and  3,  analytical  and  manufacturing  data,  fourth  run. 42, 43,  44 

re'suine*  of  analytical  and  manufacturing  data 45 

No.  5,  parts  1,  2,  3,  analytical  and  manufacturiug  data,  fifth  run 46,47, 

48,49,50,51 

resume'  of  analytical  data 51 

manufacturing  data 52 

No.  6,  mean  composition  of  fourth  massecuites 53 

No.  7,  mean  composition  of  molasses  and  fourth  sugars 53 

No.  8.  mean  composition  of  sugars 53 

No.  9,  crop  report,  diffusion  work 53 

No.  10,  composition  of  raw  juice •. .         60 

No.  11,  yield  of  sugar  per  ton  of  cane,  mill  work 61 

No.  12,  analysis  of  waste  waters  from  bone-black  room 62 

Tables  10  and  11,  discusssion  of 61 

V. 

Vapors,  accumulation  of,  in  diffusion  cells 12 

W. 

Wonopringo,  Java,  use  of  lime  for  clarification  at 29 

Water  mains,  diameter  of .% 9 


II 


UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 

lilllillllll 

3  1262  09216  6544 


